Intro on MicroPara Lec

• Microbiology


  The study of microorganisms or "microbes" - their form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism, and classification

  
• Parasitology


  The study of protozoa and parasitic worms and arthropods

  
• Microbes


  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Algae
  • Protozoa
  • Viruses
• Microbes


  • Most are unicellular
• Two spectacle makers of Holland, Johannes and Zacharias (father and son) discovered the magnifying effects produced by two lenses housed in a metal tube with sliding barrels


  1590
• Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680) a Jesuit priest, improved a microscope that could magnify 32 times and published experiments in medical microscopy on the nature of putrefaction


  1658
• Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), Father of ancient bacteriology and scientific microscopy of Holland made his own microscope magnified to about 270 times and described the different shapes of bacteria (cocci, bacilli, spirals) and pictured their arrangements in infected material

  1657
• Birth of the science of bacteriology
• Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells

  1665
• Cell Theory


  All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
• Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from preexisting cells


  1858
• The hypothesis that living things arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation
• The alternative hypothesis, that the living things arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis
• Spontaneous generation examples


  • Toads, snakes and mice from moist soil
  • Flies and maggots from manure and decaying flesh
• Experiments to disprove spontaneous generation

  • Francesco Redi (1668) demonstrated that maggots come from eggs of flies
  • Rudolph Virchow (1858) proposed the theory of biogenesis - cells can only arise from preexisting cells
  • Louis Pasteur (1861) demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and disproved spontaneous generation
• Pasteur's experiment


  1. Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed - Microbial growth

  2. Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed - No microbial growth
• The period from 1857-1914 is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology
• Fermentation


  The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
• Pasteurization


  The application of a high heat for a short time to kill spoilage bacteria
• Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus in 1835
• Pasteur believed another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan in 1865
• Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another in the 1840s
• Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases
• Koch's Postulates


  Experimental steps used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
• Vaccination


  Inoculation with a virus (e.g. cowpox) to provide immunity against a disease (e.g. smallpox)
• Chemotherapy


  Treatment with chemicals, including synthetic drugs and antibiotics, to treat infectious disease
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria
• Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis


  1910
• Sulfonamides were synthesized in the 1930s
• Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic


  1928
• Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's postulates, used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease


  1876
• Koch's Postulates


  Used to prove the cause of an infectious disease
• Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox


  1796
• Vaccination


  Protection from a disease, named after vacca for cow
• Chemotherapy


  Treatment with chemicals
• Antibiotics

  Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
• Chemotherapeutic agents


  • Synthetic drugs
  • Antibiotics
• Sulfonamides were synthesized


  1930s
• Penicillin


  Antibiotic made by Penicillium fungus that killed S. aureus
• Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced


  1940s