11-16

• Heterogeneous mixture


  Doesn't have uniform composition
• Homogeneous mixture


  Uniform composition
• Homogeneous mixture


  • Either solution or colloid
• Colloid


  Homogeneous mixture with large particles and opaque appearance
• Solution


  Homogeneous mixture with small particles
• Solute


  Minor substance in a solution, lesser amount
• Solvent


  Major substance in a solution, large amount
• Water


  Aqueous solution's solvent
• Solubility


  Amount of solute that dissolves, measured in g/100mL
• Saturated solution


  Maximum number of grams of solute
• Unsaturated solution


  Less than maximum amount of solute
• Soluble substance


  Able to dissolve
• Insoluble


  Doesn't dissolve
• Henry's law


  Solubility of gas is proportional to partial pressure, higher pressure higher solubility
• Concentration


  How much solute is dissolved
• Dilution


  Addition of solvent to decrease concentration of solute
• Colligative properties


  Depends on concentration of solute but not its identity, including elevation of boiling point and lowering melting point
• Volatile solute


  Escapes to vapor phase
• Nonvolatile solute


  Didn't escape vapor phase
• Boiling point elevation


  Higher boiling point, increase to 0.51°C
• Freezing point depression


  Lowering freezing point to 1.86°C
• Semipermeable membrane


  Surrounds living cell, allows water and small molecules to pass except for ions and large molecules
• Osmosis


  Passage of water and small particles across semipermeable membrane from low to high concentration
• Osmotic pressure


  Prevents flow of additional solvent
• Hypotonic solution


  Water diffuses into the cell
• Hypertonic solution


  Water diffuses out of the cell
• Alkane


  Hydrocarbon with only C-C and C-H single bonds
• Acyclic alkane


  Aka saturated hydrocarbon, has chain of carbon but no ring, CnH2n+2
• Cycloalkane


  Has carbon with chain, CnH2n
• Alkanes


  • Butane (straight chain)
  • Isobutane (branched chain)
• Alkyl group


  Carbon substituents