ZOO102: LAB EXAM 1

• vertical plane that divides the body into an anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal portions

  frontal plane
• vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides (midsagittal or median plane is down the middle of the body creating equal parts)

  sagittal plane
• divides the body into superior (upper) or inferior (lower) portions

  transverse plane
• etymology : lower, definition : below

  inferior
• etymology : higher, definition : above

  superior
• etymology : to go before, definition : toward the front of the body

  anterior
• etymology : posterus, following, definition : toward the back of the body

  posterior
• etymology : dorsum, back, definition : toward the back

  dorsal
• etymology : venter, belly, definition : toward the belly

  ventral
• etymology : proximus, nearest, definition : closer to a point of attachment

  proximal
• etmology : di + sto, to be distant, definition : farther from a point of attachment

  distal
• etymology : latus, side, definition : away from the midline of the body

  lateral
• etymology : medialis, middle, definition : toward the middle or midline of the body

  medial
• etymology : superficialis, surface, definition : toward on the surface

  superficial
• etymology : deop, deep, definition : away from the surface, internal

  deep
• if an animal or organ is sliced lengthwise this section is called a

  longitudinal or sagittal section
• if the section is sliced crosswise it is called a

  transverse or cross section
• irregularly shaped body, these animals are sessile

  asymmetrical
• divided along any plane, through central axis, into roughly equal halves, these animals are starfish or hydras

  radial
• can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves, these animals can use the anatomical terms such as posterior, ventral, etc.

  bilateral
• used to represent evolutionary relationship among organisms

  phylogenetic tree or dendogram
• a group that includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of te ancestor's descendants

  paraphyletic
• a group does not include the common ancestor of the group

  polyphyletic
• a specialized character or trait that is unique to a monophyletic taxonomic group, a derived trait that is unique to a given taxon

  autapomorphy
• a shared, derived character, common between an ancestor and its descendants

  synapomorphy
• an ancestral character state shared by two or more lineages in a particular clade

  symplesiomorphy
• an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades

  plesiomorphy
• the best reconstruction is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes

  law of parsimony
• a living cephalochordate known as amphioxus or

  brachiostoma lanceolatum
• these organisms are not vertebrates like fish, reptiles, or mammals, but they share some characteristics with vertebrates and are considered a valuable evolutionary link in the study of chordate evolution.

  amphioxus
• states that chordate evolved from echinoderms and involved retention of pharyngeal slits and notochord in adults

  auricularian or garstang's hypothesis
• states that chordate is from a protostome-like ancestor and involved turning of body up-side down

  inversion or annelid hypothesis
• states exaggeration of structures from a hemichordate-like ancestor

  hemichordate or enteropneust hypothesis
• a slender rod that develops from the mesoderm and is a hydrostatic organ

  notochord
• it lies dorsal to the coelom but beneath and parallel to the central nervous system

  notochord
• opening adjacent to the gills and participates in feeding and respiratory exchange

  pharyngeal slits
• glandular groove in the floor of the pharynx and involved in filter feeding

  endostyle
• within the neurocoel

  dorsal hollow (tubular) nerve cord
• extending to the anus

  post-anal tail
• vertebrates lacks a heart and is composed of vessels and tissue channel that forms a continuous circuit