GELITE

• IT


  Information technology
• Information


  Processed data
• Technology


  Comes from the Greek words 'Tekhnae' (art or craft) and 'Logia' (subject of interest, a saying, or an expression)
• Uses of IT


  • Generating
  • Storing
  • Manipulating
  • Distributing
  • Regaining
  • Exchanging
  • Transmitting
  • Handling
  • Creating
  • Securing
• The word "IT" first appeared in 1958 in an article published in the Harvard Business Review
• Role of Information Technology

  Gaining knowledge through information
• Eras in the history of IT

  • The Pre Mechanical Age: 3000 BC and 1450 AD
  • The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840
  • The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940
  • The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present
• The Pre Mechanical Age: 3000 BC and 1450 AD


  • The earliest age of information technology
• Petroglyphs


  • Simple picture drawings, usually carved in rock, used to tell stories, keep records, and mark territory
• Cuneiform


  The first writing systems, using signs composed to correspond with spoken sounds instead of pictures
• Early alphabets


  • Phoenician alphabet
  • Developed out of the North Semitic alphabet, spread by Phoenician traders, adopted by Greeks and added vowels
• First writing materials


  • Stylus and wet clay
  • Papyrus plants
  • Rag papers (100 AD)
• Early information storage and retrieval

  • Mesopotamia - religious leaders kept earliest books
  • Egyptians - kept scrolls
  • Greeks - fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together
• Abacus


  The first calculator, invented in Babylonia and China
• Early numbering systems


  • Egyptian system
  • Hindu system (100 – 200 AD)
  • Concept of zero developed around 875 A.D.
• The Mechanical Age: 1450 – 1840


  • Connections between current technology and its ancestors
• Inventions in the Mechanical Age

  • Johann Guttenberg's movable type printing press (1450)
  • John Napier's invention of logarithms (1614)
  • Arabian Lattice multiplication tool (1614)
  • Wilhelm Shickard's mechanical calculator (1623)
  • William Oughterd's slide rule (1575 - 1660)
  • Blaise Pascal's Pascaline mechanical computer (1642)
  • Gottfried Leibniz's stepped reckoner (1617)
  • Joseph-Marie Jacquard's automatic loom (1801)
  • Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar's Arithmometer (1820)
  • Charles Babbage's difference engine and analytical engine (1821, 1832)
• Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron


  The first computer programmer
• The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940


  • The beginning of telecommunication
• Inventions in the Electromechanical Age

  • Alessandro Volta's voltaic battery (electric battery)
  • Alexander Graham Bell's telephone and radio
  • Guglielmo Marconi's radio
  • George Boole's binary algebra (Boolean Algebra)
  • Dorr Felt's comptometer (key driven adding and subtracting calculator)
  • Herman Hollerith's punched cards and tabulating machines
  • Otto Shweiger's Millionaire calculator (1893)
  • Lee de Forest's vacuum tubes
• The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present


  • The stage of information technology we currently live in
• Inventions in the Electronic Age

  • Konrad Zuse's Z3 (first programmable computer)
  • Howard Aiken's Mark I (first stored program computer)
  • John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry's ABC (first all electronic computer)
• History of IT in Business

  • Early Days (1950s-1960s) - Mainframe computers
  • Emergence of Minicomputers (1970s)
  • The Rise of Personal Computers (1980s)
  • Networking and Internet (1990s)
  • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems (1990s-2000s)
  • Cloud Computing (2000s-2010s)
• History of IT in Education

  • Emergence of Educational Computing (1960s-1970s)
  • Personal Computers in Schools (1980s)
  • Internet in Education (1990s)
  • Learning Management Systems (LMS) 2000s
  • Mobile Learning and Educational Apps (2010s)
  • Century Skills and Digital Literacy (21st)
• Telephone


  Comes from the Greek roots 'tēle' (far) and 'phonē' (sound)
• Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876
• Earning and Educational Apps (2010s)


  The ubiquity of tablets and smartphones in the 2010s paved the way for the adoption of mobile learning in the classroom. Digital textbooks and educational apps have gained popularity as tools for educating students and providing knowledge. Students were permitted to use their own devices in the classroom under Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy.
• Century Skills and Digital Literacy (21st)


  Teaching 21st-century skills like critical thinking, creativity, cooperation, and communication has become more important as technology develops. With an emphasis on teaching students how to access, assess, and produce digital content, instructors are now required to teach digital literacy.
• Telephone


  The word "telephone" has Greek roots "tēle" (meaning "far") and "phonē" (meaning "sound"). The modern telephone we know today emerged from the groundbreaking work of Alexander Graham Bell and others.
• Alexander Graham Bell and the Invention


  In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. His device allowed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of human voice. Bell's invention spread rapidly, and by 1880, there were over 49,000 telephones in the United States.
• Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)


  The PSTN, which evolved alongside telephones, facilitated widespread communication. Inter-city lines were built, and telephone exchanges sprouted up in major U.S. cities by the mid-1880s.
• Technological Advancements in Telephones

  • Rotary Phones
  • Touch tone phones
  • Mobile Telephones
  • Videophones
  • Fax
  • Modems
• Television


  Even before the technology existed, inventors speculated about television. In 1876, Boston civil servant George Carey envisioned complete television systems, proposing a "selenium camera" that would allow people to "see by electricity".
• Key Technological Developments for Television

  • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) invented by German physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun in 1897
  • Mechanical Scanner System created by German inventor Paul Nipkow during the 1880s
• Post-1960 Developments in Television

  • Colored Televisions
  • Cable and Satellite TV
  • Digital Broadcasting
• Radio


  The term "radio" originally referred to electromagnetic radiation used in innovations like radio-telegraphy (a method of transmitting messages without poles, cables, or wires). Broadcast radio emerged as a technology welcomed by the public, providing news over the airwaves.
• Guglielmo Marconi


  Marconi played a significant role in the invention of radio. He combined existing literature with ideas from other scientists to build portable transmitter and receiver devices. These devices enabled wireless communication between distant locations.
• Radio's Golden Age (1920-1945)


  Between 1920 and 1945, radio evolved into the first electronic mass medium. It monopolized "the airwaves" and defined mass culture alongside newspapers, magazines, and motion pictures. The appearance of television around 1945 transformed radio's content and role.
• Technological Shifts in Radio

  The transition from analog to digital broadcasting set the stage for further innovations. Internet radio, streaming platforms, and personalized radio experiences emerged as digital technology advanced.
• Ethics


  Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong within a society. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted norms—many of which are almost universal. A virtue is a habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable, while a vice is a habit of unacceptable behavior.