Stomach

• Epiglottis

  Flap of tissue that covers trachea to prevent food from entering it
• Esophagus


  Long tube that carries food from mouth to stomach
• Peristalsis


  1. Wave of constriction caused by the circular muscles

  2. Pushing food along
• Stomach


  1. j shaped organ at end of esophagus
• Stomach


  • Contraction of muscles = churning (squeezing and twisting effect)
  • Can hold food around 2-3 litres
  • Mixes food with gastric juice
  • Produces intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12
• Layers of stomach


  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
• Gastric juice


  Colourless, highly acidic fluid consisting of water and enzymes
• The stomach has four layers: serosa (outermost), muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa.
• The stomach has three layers, mucosa (inner layer), submucosa (middle layer) and muscularis externa (outermost layer)
• The mucosa contains glands that secrete gastric juice which contain hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
• The stomach is located between the esophagus and small intestine, with its upper part extending into the thoracic cavity.
• The cells in the stomach lining secrete mucus to protect the stomach wall from the corrosive effects of the acid.
• The stomach is located between the esophagus and small intestine
• The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to help break down food and kill bacteria.
• Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine.
• The mucosa is composed of epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus to protect against digestion.
• Stomach acid has a pH of around 1.5-3.5, making it highly acidic.
• The stomach produces digestive juices such as hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and intrinsic factor.
• The stomach's main function is to mix food with digestive juices and break it down mechanically through peristalsis.
• The stomach is responsible for the production of hydrochloric acid, which helps to break down proteins and kill bacteria.
• Gastric juices are secreted by the stomach's glandular epithelium.
• Pepsin breaks down protein molecules into smaller peptides.
• Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down protein molecules into smaller peptides.
• The stomach produces an acidic environment necessary for protein digestion by secreting hydrochloric acid.
• The stomach produces pepsinogen, an enzyme that converts into pepsin when activated by low pH levels.
• Hydrochloric acid helps break down proteins by denaturing them.
• Mucus provides protection against the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid on the stomach wall.
• The stomach can hold up to 1.5 litres of food at any given time.
• Hydrochloric acid helps denature proteins by breaking disulfide bonds and activating pepsinogen.
• Gastric glands are found within the mucosa layer of the stomach and produce gastric juices such as hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
• Hydrochloric acid helps denature proteins and activate digestive enzymes.
• Intrinsic factor is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
• Gastric glands are found within the mucosa and produce gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.
• The stomach also secretes enzymes called peptidases, which further break down proteins into smaller molecules.
• Intrinsic factor is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine.
• Mucus produced by the gastric epithelium acts as a protective barrier between the stomach lining and the harsh environment created by the high concentration of HCl.
• Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
• The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) which lowers the pH of the chyme to about 2.0, creating an optimal environment for protein digestion.
• Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down protein molecules.
• Major functions of the stomach include mechanical breakdown of large particles through peristalsis, chemical breakdown of proteins by enzymes like pepsin, absorption of water and electrolytes, and regulation of blood glucose levels.