Life sience

• What is the basic unit of life?

  Cells
• What do molecules consist of?

  Molecules are made up of atoms
• What is formed when two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom?

  Water
• What are the two types of molecules mentioned?

  • Inorganic
  • Organic
• What do inorganic compounds lack?

  Carbon
• What is a key function of inorganic compounds in plants?

  Transport minerals
• What is a key function of inorganic compounds in animals?

  Remove waste products
• What do organic compounds contain?

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
• What is the composition of carbohydrates?

  C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$
• What are the three groups of carbohydrates?

  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
• What is the function of carbohydrates in plants and animals?

  Energy source and storage
• What are lipids primarily composed of?

  C, H, O with H:O greater than 2:1
• What are the monomers of lipids?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

  Saturated fats have single bonds; unsaturated have double bonds
• What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

  Component of cell membranes
• What are the two types of cholesterol?

  HDL (good) and LDL (bad)
• What can high levels of LDL cholesterol lead to?

  Heart attack
• What are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• What is the optimal temperature for protein function?

  36.9°C to 37°C
• What happens to proteins at high temperatures?

  They denature and lose their shape
• What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?

  They speed up chemical reactions
• What are the two types of chemical reactions involving enzymes?

  1. Anabolic (building new molecules)
  2. Catabolic (breaking down molecules)
• What is the "lock and key" theory of enzyme action?

  Enzymes have specific shapes for substrates
• What are nucleic acids composed of?

  C, H, O, N, P
• What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

  Nucleotides
• What is the function of DNA?

  Stores genetic information
• What is the role of RNA?

  Plays a role in protein synthesis
• What are the two classifications of vitamins?

  • Water-soluble
  • Fat-soluble
• What is the consequence of vitamin A deficiency?

  Night blindness
• What is the consequence of vitamin C deficiency?

  Scurvy
• What is the consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

  Poor nerve conduction
• What is the consequence of vitamin E deficiency?

  Anemia
• What happens during a chemical reaction involving an enzyme?

  The enzyme and substrate separate.
• What occurs after the enzyme and substrate separate?

  The enzyme is free to react with more substrate.
• What does the lock and key theory describe?

  Enzyme specificity for substrates.
• What are biological catalysts?

  Enzymes not used up in reactions.
• How are enzymes specific to substrates?

  The enzyme's shape allows specific reactions.
• How do enzymes respond to temperature changes?

  They function within a narrow temperature range.
• What happens to enzymes below their optimum temperature?

  They become inactive.