PURPOSIVE 1

• James Humes: 'The art of communication is the language of leadership.'
• Communication models


  • Aristotle's model
  • Shannon-Weaver's model
  • Osgood-Schramm's model
  • Schramm's model
• Aristotle's model


  • Speaker
  • Speech
  • Audience
  • Effect
• Shannon-Weaver's model


  • Sender
  • Encoder
  • Decoder
  • Receiver
  • Noise
  • Channel
  • Feedback
• Osgood-Schramm's model


  • Encoder
  • Message
  • Interpreter
  • Decoder
• Schramm's model


  • Source
  • Encoder
  • Signal
  • Field of experience
  • Field of experience
  • Encoder
  • Source
• White's stages of oral communication

  1. Monitoring

  2. Transmitting

  3. Receiving

  4. Decoding

  5. Feedbacking

  6. Expressing

  7. Symbolizing

  8. Thinking
• Motivation refers to the driving force behind our behaviors and can be intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external).
• Ethics


  It enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity. and respect for self and others.
• Communication Ethics


  fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media
• Principle


  "Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication"
• Principle 2


  "Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society"
• Principle 3


  "Condemn communication that degrades individual and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred"
• Principle 4


  "Accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others"
• Globalization 


  is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
• Globalization


  captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
• Racism


  is one form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race.
• Race


  is an emotionally charged topic, so it is beast to tread carefully with the language used
• According to Kitty Locker and Donna Kienzler (2013) “One should refer to a group by the term it prefers"
• Gender and Sexual Orientation


  refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender.
• Class discrimination or classism


  is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class.
• Ageism


  is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able that other age groups.
• Disabilities


  Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness.
• Arinto (2009) advises writers to avoid hurtful expressions such as “retards”, “the blind”, “cancer patients"
• Public Speaking


  is an important life skill, yet few people master it. In fact, many people are afraid of speaking in public.
• Classical Period

  
• Classical Period

  
• Classical Period

  
• Classical Period


  According to Corax a basic speech has three parts, the introduction, evidence, and conclusion, and this simple organization of speeches has endured throughout the ages.
• Classical Period


  Protagoras - He is the father of debate, who made his students argue for and against issues of the day, to sharpen their reasoning skills and appreciate different sides of an issue
• Classical Period


  Aristotle, also known as the father of modern communication. Aristotle wrote a treatise entitled "Rhetoric," where he discussed the use of logos (logical argument). pathos (emotional argument), and ethos (the speaker's character and credibility), in the use of persuasive speaking (Morreale, 2010)
• Ethos


  refers to ethics, meaning a speaker must radiate moral characters to create an aura of trust and authority in the audience.
• Logos


  mean supporting your speech with logical reasoning in the form of facts, figures, and evidence and one of the most effective ways of helping the audience to get to the conclusion of an argument on their own.
• Pathos


  refers to adding an emotional touch to your speech, so as to cater to the audience’s emotions.
• Classical Period


  The most famous orator in Ancient Greece was Demosthenes. In the beginning, he had many flaws when it came to public speaking, chief among them were his stammer and weak voice.
• The Romans

  Cicero - the most famous Roman orator whose eloquence was described as a "resistless torrent“.
• The Romans

  Cicero - a statesman who argued that the teaching of rhetoric should be considered an art form, and that this could be useful in "all practical and public affairs.
• The Romans

  Cicero - He believed that in order to prepare a speech, one should first think of one's listeners and their interests, and to use certain strategies. (Morreale, 2010).
• The Romans

  Five Canons of Rhetoric - a five-step process for developing a persuasive speech that we still use while teaching public speaking today.
• The Romans

  Cicero - He developed a theory called the Five Canons of Rhetorics