professional development

• Personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive.
• Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and environment.
• Personality is what makes a person a unique person, and it is recognizable soon after birth.
• Temperament is the set of genetically determined traits that determine the child's approach to the world and how the child learns about the world.
• Most psychologists agree that these two factors- temperament and environment--influence the development of a person's personality the most.
• Temperament with its dependence on genetic factors, is sometimes referred to as "nature" while the environmental factors are called "nurture."
• character - the set of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns learned from experience that determines how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
• A person's character - continues to evolve throughout life, although much depends on inborn traits and early experiences
• Character is also dependent on a person's moral development.
• 5 stages of development

  • Infancy
  • toddlerhood
  • preschool
  • school age
  • Adolescence
• Infancy -During the first two years of life, an infant goes through the first stage: Learning Basic Trust or Mistrus (Hope).
• Toddlerhood - The second stage occurs during any chmanodd, between about 18 months to two years and three to four years of age. It deals with Learning Autonomy or Shame (Will).
• Preschool - The third stage occurs during the Uplay age," or the later preschool years from about three to entry into formal school. The developing child goes through earning Initiative or Guilt (Purpose)
• School age - The fourth stage, Learning Industry or inferiority (Competence), occurs during school age, up to and possibly including junior high school. The child learns to master more formal skills
• Adolescence - The fifth stage, Learning Identity or Identity Diffusion (Fidelity), occurs during adolescence from age 13 or 14.
• Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 400 B.C), who characterized human behavior in terms of four temperaments.
• The sanguine, or optimistic, type was associated with blood.
• The phlegmatic type (slow and lethargic) with phlegm.
• The melancholic type (sad, depressed) with black bile.
•  The choleric (angry) type with yellow bile.
• Hippocrates system remained influential in Western Europe throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods.
• Trait theory of personality: A major weakness of Sheldon's morphological classification system and other type theories in general is the element of oversimplification inherent.
• Psychodynamic theory of personality: Twentieth-century views on personality have been heavily influenced by the psychodynamic approach of Sigmund Freud.
• Freud proposed a three-part personality structure consisting of the id, ego, super ego
• Phenomenological approach, which emphasizes people's self-perceptions and their drive for self-actualization as determinants of personality.
• Carl Rogers, the figure whose name is most closely associated with phenomenological theories of personality, viewed authentic experience of one's self as the basic component of growth and wellbeing.
• Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs.
• Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
• Thorndike (1905) formalized the Law of Effect.
• Skinner (1936) wrote The Behavior of Organisms and introduced the concepts of operant Conditioning and shaping.
• Clark Hull's (1943) Principles of Behavior was published.
• B. F. Skinner (1948) published Walden Two, in which he described a utopian society founded upon behaviorist principles.
• Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior begun in 1958.
• Chomsky (1959) published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism, "Review of Verbal Behavior."
• Bandura (1963) publishes a book called the Social Leaning Theory and Personality development which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.
• Methodological Behaviorism - Psychology as the behaviorist viewers it is a purely objective experimental branch of cultural science.
• Radical behaviorism - Radical behaviorism was founded by BE Skinger and agreed with the assumption of nethodological behaviorism that the goal of psychology should be to predict and control behavior.
• Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and thought" (Allport, 1961, p. 28).
• The idiographic view assumes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and that there are times when it is impossible to compare one person with others.
• The nomothetic view, on the other hand, emphasizes comparability among individuals.