Organize and Present Data

• The totality of the methods employed gathering research is called instrumentation.
• Tools are essential in three ways:

  1. Tools are useful as measuring device

  2. Tools are used as standard

  3. Tools are used as a basis for decisions.
• Research tools can be classified as: Laboratory, Presentation, Bibliotecal, Communication, and Statistical tools.
• Laboratory Tools: The choice of tools and equipment in scientific, experimental research.
• Mass: The amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg).
• Volume: The amount of space an object occupies. It is measured using liters (L).
• Length: Distance from one point to another. It is measured using meters (m).
• Data gathered through an experiment, a survey, etc,... can be organized through different data presentation tools.
• Frequency distribution: Shows how many times each value or quality occurs in the set of data.
• Tables: Is a set of facts, values, or figures that are arranged in an ordered way, usually in columns.
• Title: provides a short description of the nature of the table.
• Table Number: indicates the order of the table as they appear on the report. It ends with a period and is separated from the title with a space.
• Column Heading: Identifies the nature of the data that go into each column, along with the appropriate unit of measurement.
• Row Stub: Identifies the groupings or categories that make up the independent variable that is identified by the column heading.
• Table Body: Consists of the data in the table that occupy the succeeding columns and comprise the measurements of the dependent variables.
• Dividers: Are the lines that frame the top and the bottom of the table as well as divide the different groupings along the rows.
• Graphs: Are excellent ways to organize the data either through lines or bars.
• Title: Describes the nature of the data that are presented in the graph.
• X-axis Label: Describes the nature of the independent variable, along with its appropriate unit of measure.
• Y-axis Label: Describes the nature of the dependent variable along with its appropriate unit of measure.
• X-axis Scale: Indicates the value of the measurement along the x-axis.
• Y-axis Scale: Indicates the value of the measurement along the y-axis.
• Data: consists of the plotted value fall within the x-axis and y-axis coordinates.
• Legend: represents the nature of the different data series that are represented by different shapes or color.
• Line Graph: shows values that are measured continuously, either at different periods of time or increased measurements.
• Bar Graph: is a diagram that shows the relationship between the values of a quantities through the length of bars.
• Scatter Graph: shows the relationship between two variables. this shows two separate measurements for each year subject.
• Histogram: is block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency of each group.
• Pie Chart: also known as circle chart, is a circular graph that is divided into slices that illustrate proportion.
• Pictogram: is a visual representation that summarizes information using graphics and images that show the properties of the data presented.
• Bibliotecal tools: books, magazine, newspaper, and scientific, educational, and sociological journals are potential materials that can establish the framework for one's study.
• Literature information from original research is called primary literature.
• When results from primary literature are summarized or reviewed, such information is now considered secondary literature.
• Tertiary Literature: provides instruction or overview for specific audiences, summarizing the most important concepts and theories about general subject.
• Consultation: this method is a simple means of finding out things and direct manner. Its advantage is that researchers can ask questions as they can and clarify some points in mind.
• Experimentation: this allows researchers to establish facts based in their objectives through experimental studies. it also allows the researcher to manipulate or control some factors under study for maximum discovery.
• Revelation: this method allows researchers to look up the publish work on a specific subject of interest. this provides researchers ideas about what others have done and where others have left off.
• Major source of information: information that is pertinent to the writing of the research paper can be gathered from sources such as, laboratory records, scientific or technical papers, reviews, abstracts and indices, monographs, and general reference books.
• Increment: an increase or addition, especially one of a series on a fixed scale.
• Laboratory Records: an original experiment records and notebooks written by researchers during the course of their laboratory studies.