Skeletal system

• Functions of the Skeleton

  • MAKING BLOOD CELLS
  • SUPPORT
  • POSTURE
  • PROTECTION
  • MOVEMENT
  • MINERAL STORAGE
• Support


  • The skeleton is rigid bone frame for the rest of the body
  • The skeleton supports soft tissues like skin and muscle
• Posture


  • The skeleton gives our body the correct shape
  • This helps you to have good posture which is essential in loads of sports
• Protection


  • Bones are very tough-they protect vital organs like the brain, heart and lungs
  • This allows you to perform well in sport without fear of serious injury
• Movement


  • Muscles, attached to bones by tendons, can move bones at joints
  • This movement is essential for good performance in sport
• Mineral Storage


  • Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus
  • These help with bone strength- -so you're less likely to break bone.
  • They're also needed for muscle contraction-so the body can move
• Making blood cells

  1. Some bones contain bone marrow, which makes the components of blood, including red blood cells
  2. Red blood cells are really important during exercise - they transport the oxygen that muscles need to move.
  3. Athletes with more red blood cells perform better - more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles.
• Cranium — protects the brain.

  Vertebrae - make up the vertebral column (spine). They protect the spinal cord.

  Sternum and ribs — protect the heart and lungs. The ribs also protect the kidneys.

  
  

  Scapula - protects the shoulder joint and has many muscles attached to it, helping arm and shoulder movement.

  Clavicle — forms part of the shoulder joint to assist arm movement

  Pelvis - protects the reproductive organs and the bladder. It also has many muscles attached to it, helping leg movement.
• Bones of the arms and hands

  Humerus - used by muscles to move the whole arm, e.g. swinging a badminton racket.

  Ulna and radius — used by muscles to move the lower arm, e.g. bending at the elbow.

  Carpals — form the wrist and give it stability, allowing movement of the hand.

  Metacarpals - used by muscles to allow the hand to grip, e.g. to hold a cricket ball.

  Phalanges - used by muscles to move and bend the fingers.
• Bones of the legs and feet

  Femur - used by muscles to move the whole leg, e.g. when running.

  Fibula and tibia — used by muscles to move the lower leg, e.g. to kick a football.

  Patella - protects the tendon that crosses the knee joint by stopping it rubbing against the femur.

  Tarsals — bear the body's weipht when on foot, e.g. during standing and running.

  Metatarsals - used by muscles to move the foot, e.g. when jumping.

  Phalanges - used by muscles to move and bend the toes.
• Joint


  Any point where two or more bones meet
• Articulating bones


  The bones that meet at a joint
• Synovial joint


  A joint that allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule enclosing it
• Types of synovial joints

  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
• Ball and socket joint


  Allows movement in nearly all directions
• Hinge joint


  Allows movement in only one direction, like the hinge on a door
• Example of ball and socket joints


  • Hip- Pelvis and femur
  • Shoulder - humerus and scapula
• Connective tissues


  Join muscle and bones
• Types of connective tissue


  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage
• Ligaments


  Hold bones together to restrict how much joints can move, helping maintain stability and prevent dislocation
• Tendons


  Attach muscles to bones (or other muscles) to allow bones to move when muscles contract
• Cartilage


  Acts as a shock absorber, protecting bones and cushioning between bones to prevent damage during joint movement. Also aids joint stability.
• Structure of a synovial joint


  1. Bones held together by ligaments

  2. Ends of bones covered in cartilage and shaped to fit together and move smoothly

  3. Synovial membrane releases synovial fluid into joint capsule to lubricate the joint
• Joint movements

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
• To do a push-up or football throw-in

  You use flexion at the shoulder to bend your arms
• To straighten your arms again

  You extend at the elbow
• Batting, kicking, passing goals and standing vertical jump

  All use flexion and extension at the hip and knee
• Bowling in cricket

  Involves a combination of movements at the shoulder, including abduction and rotation
• Examples of hinge joints

  • Knee- femur and tibia
  • Elbow- humerus, radius and ulna
• Flexion


  Closing a joint
• extension


  opening a joint
• rotation


  clockwise or anticlockwise movement
• circumduction


  movement of a limb, hand or foot in a circular motion
• abduction


  moving away from an imaginary centre line
• adduction


  moving towards an imaginary centre line