anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy


  The study of the structures of living things
• Physiology


  The study of the functions of living things
• Anatomy (Latin)


  "ana" - again or go back, "tome" - to cut, "cut again" or "go back and cut", The study of the structure of the animal body and the relationships of its many parts

  
• Fields of Anatomy


  • Gross anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Applied anatomy
• Macroscopic Anatomy (gross anatomy)

  • Seen with the naked eye by dissection, Organs and organ systems
• Microscopic Anatomy


  • Viewed with a microscope, Cytology: the study of cells, Histology: the study of the four basic types of tissues

  
• Organ


  Two or more types of tissues that perform a specific function or functions
• Tissue


  Groups of cells with same general function
• Cell


  Smallest unit of protoplasm
• Organ System


  Several organs that work together with a common purpose or purposes
• Four Basic Types of Tissue

  • Epithelium tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscular tissue
• Epithelium Tissue


  • Covers organs, Functions as secretory cells of glands, Lines viscera and blood vessels
• Connective Tissue


  • Provides mechanical support, Provides place for metabolite exchange, Provides place for energy storage, Provides place for inflammation, Provides place for fibrosis - healing
• Connective Tissue and Blood Cells

  • Red cells carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body's tissues, White cells manufactured in bone marrow pass through the blood to connective tissue for defense, Platelets act in blood clotting
• Muscular Tissue


  • Generates contractile force
• Nervous Tissue


  • Provides transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses
• Organ


  A distinct collection of two or more tissues that performs a specific function or functions
• Examples of Organs


  • Bones
  • Brain
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Heart
• Organ System


  A group of interconnected organs that work together with a common purpose or purposes
• Organ Systems


  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Cardiovascular (circulatory)
  • Lymphatic (immune)

  
• Integumentary System


  • Epidermis - outermost layer of skin, Dermis - beneath the epidermis, consists of connective tissue, Hypodermis - subcutis, lowest layer of skin, mainly houses fat
• Functions of Skin


  • Protects against injury and desiccation
  • Maintains water balance
  • Excretes various substances
  • Provides thermoregulation
  • Receives stimuli (temperature, pain, pressure)
  • Provides basis of recognition of well-being
  • Provides place for fat metabolism in the hypodermis
• Types of Muscle


  • Smooth Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
• Bones


  • Provide support and protection, Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones
• Joints


  • Form the junction between two or more bones, Cartilage forms cushion, Ligaments connect bone to bone, Tendons attach muscles to bone
• Functions of Muscle


  • Produces contractibility (movement), Produces posture, Stabilizes joints, Produces heat, Flexion (close angle of joint) and Extension (open angle)
• Functions of Cartilage


  • Provides flexible support, Slides across each other (joints), Provides a cushion, No nerves so no pain during compression
• Functions of Bone


  • Provides skeletal support, Provides protective enclosure, Regulates calcium, Provides place for hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
• Skeleton of the "hand"

  • Carpal bones
  • Metacarpal bones
  • Phalanges (Digits)
• Cardiovascular System


  • Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

  
• Parts and Functions of the Cardiovascular System

  • Heart produces blood pressure during systole, Elastic arteries conduct blood and maintain pressure during diastole, Muscular arteries distribute blood and maintain pressure, Arterioles provide peripheral resistance and distribute blood, Capillaries exchange nutrients and waste, Venules collect blood and edema from capillaries, Veins transmit blood to large veins (reservoir), Large veins receive lymph and return blood to heart (reservoir)

  
• Cardiovascular system is a closed loop with pressure drop
• Lymphatic System


  • Returns fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system, Consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic structures
• Parts of the Lymphatic System

  • Lymph nodes, Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen
• Functions of the Lymphatic System


  • Removes excess fluids from body tissues, Absorbs fatty acids, Transports fat, Produces immune cells (lymphocytes), Helps combat infections
• Digestive System

  • Involves prehension, digestion, absorption of food, and elimination of solid waste material, Parts include oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines

  
• Functions of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract


  • Moves food, Secretes digestive juices, Absorbs digested foods, water, and electrolytes

  
• Stomach of Ruminants


  • Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum
• Stomach of Monogastrics


  Single stomach
• The spinal cord transmits nerve impulses between the brain and body parts below the neck.