HISTOLOGY

• Conchae is a three bony shelflike projections that extend from each later wall
• Anatomical regions of the respiratory system are upper and lower respiratory tract
• Olfactory Epithelium


  • Where olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell are located
  • Thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium with no goblet cells
  • Three major cell types
• Olfactory neurons or sensory chief cells


  • Bipolar neurons that pass to the brain through foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
• Supporting or sustentacular cells


  • Their supportive role is not well understood but they express abundant ion channels
• Basal cells


  • Stem cells for the other two types, replace all 2-3 months
• Olfactory glands of Bowman is a large serous glands in the lamina propia, producing a constant of fluid and facilitating the access of new odoriferous substances
• Squamous metaplasia, cell dysplasia


  Accumulation of toxins by heavy smoking or air pollution that immobilizes the cilia, causing failure to clear mucus
• Anosmia


  Loss of ability to smell
• Laryngitis


  Inflammation of the larynx typically due to viral infection
• Asthma


  Chronic inflammation within the bronchial tree of lungs
• Bronchospasms


  Sudden constrictions of the smooth muscles in bronchioles
• Diffuse alveolar damage or adult respiratory distress syndrome


  Caused commonly by viral and bacterial respiratory tract infection, toxic gases, excessive oxygen, and fat embolism syndrome
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome


  Leading cause of death in premature babies due to the incomplete differentiation of type II pneumocytes and resulting deficit of surfactant
• Emphysema


  Dilation and permanent enlargement of bronchioles; commonly caused by smoking
• Upper teeth

  • Central incisor (7-8 y)
  • Lateral incisor (8-9 y)
  • Canine (11-12 y)
  • First premolar (10-11 y)
  • Second premolar (10-12 y)
  • First molar (6-7 y)
  • Second molar (12-13 y)
  • Third molar (17-25 y)
• Lower teeth

  • Central incisor (6-7 y)
  • Lateral incisor (7-8 y)
  • Canine (9-10 y)
  • 1st premolar (10-12 y)
  • 2nd premolar (11-12 y)
  • 1st molar (6-7 y)
  • 2nd molar (11-13 y)
  • 3rd molar (17-25 y)
• Goblet cells produces mucus which propels debris and protects the respiratory tract
• Brush cells is a chemosensory receptors that also bear microvilli
• Small granule cells or Kulchitsky cells is a part of diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)
• Mucosa


  Innermost layer that consists of an epithelial lining, an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae
• Submucosa


  Contains denser connective tissue with larger blood and lymph vessels and esophagus and the submucosal or Meissner plexus of autonomic nerves > mobility
• Muscularis or muscularis externa


  Smooth muscle cells organized as two or more sublayers: Internal- circular, External-longitudinal. Connective tissue in muscularis contains the myenteric (Auerbach) nerve plexus of autonomic neurons
• Filiform papillae


  • Smallest, most numerous
  • No taste buds
  • Very numerous, have an elongated conical shape, heavily keratinized
  • Rough surface for movement of food during mastication
• Fungiform papillae


  • Less numerous, lightly keratinized, and mushroom-shaped
  • Less taste buds
• Foliate papillae


  • Consist of parallel ridges on each side of the tongue
  • Numerous taste buds
• Vallate or circumvallate papillae


  • Largest papillae
  • Ducts of several small, serous salivary glands empty into the deep, moat-like groove surrounding each vallate papilla
• Tongue is a mass of striated muscle covered by mucosa
• Lips or labia is a well-developed striated muscle makes it highly mobile for ingestion and communication
• The stratified squamous non keratinized in the oral cavity are gingiva, hard palate, and filform papillae of the tongue
• The stratified squamous non keratinized of the oral cavity are soft palate, cheeks, floor of the mouth, pharynx, etc.
• Internal mucous surface

  • Has lining mucosa with thick, nonkeratinized epithelium
  • Has labial salivary glands
• Red vermilion zone


  • Covered by thin, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Lacks salivary or sweat glands, but kept moist by saliva from tongue
• Outer surface

  • Thin skin with epidermal and dermal layers
  • Sweat glands, and many hair follicles with sebaceous glands
• The teeth has 32 permanent adult teeth
• Enamel is the hardest component of the human
• Lining epithelium of esophagus is non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium