English Q4

• Research


  A systematic and scientific procedure of data collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any problem
• Research


  • Involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems
• Research methods


  A systematic and scientific procedure of data collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any problem
• Two major types of research methods

  • Quantitative research
  • Qualitative research
• Quantitative research


  Describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers. Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data, and the drawing of inferences from the data.
• Qualitative research


  Based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds, and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. Information is considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analyzed by means of mathematical techniques.
• Research is collecting data and information, learning and finding new things. It is also an advanced knowledge which follows a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information in order to understand more the phenomena under study.
• Examples of research

  • Action research
  • Thesis
  • Dissertation
  • Case study
• Concept


  A term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomenon, or an idea that is/are being studied
• Examples of concepts

  • Income - P5,000 - P8,000
  • Age - 18 y/o - 20 y/o
  • Education Level - High School Graduate, College Graduate, PostGraduate
  • Number of Siblings - 3 siblings in the family, 4 or more siblings in the family
• Theory


  An organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a particular phenomenon, a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses, and facts
• Quantitative method


  A method that focuses on numbers, objective hard data. It proves hypotheses by statistical analysis and scientific method. It is called a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data is used to obtain information about the world.
• Qualitative method


  Uses words instead of numbers to display data. It focuses on feelings not numerical data. Small amount of participants involved in a qualitative research study. This kind of research method utilizes interviews, archived written information, and observations to measure the significance of a relationship between variables.
• Variables


  Any quality of a person, group subject, event, condition, or situation that varies or takes on different values. A result of some force or is itself the force that causes a change in another variable.
• Hypothesis


  A logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation of a phenomenon under investigation.
• Sampling


  The process of selecting participants who are representatives of a larger population – gain an understanding of a larger population.
• SMART

  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Attainable
  • Realistic
  • Time
• Specific - A research paper should be specific, maintain its focus on the given subject of research - answering a specific research question - and not be inconsistent or aimless as to convey information or make claims on other, unrelated topics or subjects.
• Measurable - A research paper must contain specific, proven research, and cite all research sources and related literature.
• Attainable - A research paper must provide a thesis statement, one that answers the research question and contributes to the knowledge of the given subject. It can't propose to answer a question that doesn't relate to real life or isn't based on an existing body of knowledge.
• Realistic - A research paper is objective and realistic. Should it be made to present interpretations, arguments, or evaluations, then it should do so based on valid evidence from reliable sources.
• Ways to narrow down a research topic

  • By demographic characteristics
  • By relevant issues
  • By location
  • By timeframe
  • By causes
• Quantitative method


  The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
• Qualitative method


  Involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
• Research methods are tools that researchers use to collect, analyze, and interpret information. They can be qualitative or quantitative, and they can be designed for a variety of purposes. The choice of research method depends on the type of study being conducted.
• Slovin's formula - used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e).
• SMART - a good way to remember the fundamentals of research paper writing, and to help prepare an author in writing a successful research paper.​
• Time - A research paper cannot be written without the researcher knowing the limits, timeframes, and focus of the required work.
• Quantitative method - advantageous for studies that involve numbers, such as measuring achievement gaps between different groups of students or assessing the effectiveness of a new blood pressure medication.
• Qualitative method - useful when studying human behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, and motivations. This approach is particularly helpful when trying to gain insight into complex social phenomena like poverty, crime, or addiction.
• Cover or Title Page - the paper's title, author's name, address, phone number, email and date are all included.
• Introduction & Statement of the Problem - Stated clearly in the introduction, what exactly are you researching, and why is it significant? How unique is it?
• Literature Review - It provides background information on your subject area by summarizing existing literature. You can also use this section to explain how your research will contribute to the field.
• Results - Present the results of your research using tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, and other visual aids where appropriate. Use headings and subheadings to organize the presentation of findings.
• Research Methodology - Describe the methods used to collect data, including any surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, etc. Explain how these methods were chosen and justify their appropriateness.
• Methodology - Talk about how you conducted your research.
• Conclusion - Summarize the main points of your research and restate its significance. Make sure that your conclusion does not introduce new ideas.
• Data Analysis - Discuss how you analyzed the data collected from your research methodology. This could include statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, discourse analysis, etc.
• Discussion - Interpretation of the results based on the hypothesis/research question
• Abstract - usually about 100-300 words long and seldom more than a page long, provides a basic overview.