Cells

• Permanent vacuole 


  Contains cell sap which is storage for sugar and salts
• Prokaryotic cells 


  They don’t have a true nucleus instead they have a single circular strand of DNA.

  some have additional small rings of DNA called plasmids.
• Comparing plans and animals cells

  animal cells do not have cell walls or chloroplast.

  they usually have smaller vacuoles com to plant cells.
• Xylem cells specialized for transporting water and mineral.


  cells are joined end to end to form tubes to transport water and minerals in plants.

  they are hollow for easy flow.

  they are made up of dead cells strengthened with lignin.
• Phloem cells specialized for transporting food substance.


  they have very few subcellular to help substances flow through easily.

  cells are joined end to end to form tubes to transport food in plants.
• Differentiation 


  The process where a cell transforms into a specialized cells for a specific job.
• Nerve cells specialized for sending electrical signals.


  carry messages in the form of electrical signals across the body.

  they are long to cover more distance.
• Muscle cells specialized for contraction.


  they are long so they have space to contract.

  they are filled with many mitochondria to transfer energy for contractio.
• Photosynthesis 


  Uses energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxyge.
• Chloroplasts


  The location of photosynthesis contains chlorophyll to absorb light.
• Permanent vacuole 


  Contains cell SAP which is storage for sugar and salts
• Cell wall


  Composed of cellulose and provides support and structure
• human stem cells 


  .stem cells are undifferentiated cells. Humans have two types of stem cells.

  1. Stem cells found in early human embryos have the potential to turn into any cell type.
  2. Adult stem cells are limited in the types of cells they can turn into. they are commonly found in bone marrow and can only differentiate into different types of blood cell. (red blood cells and white blood cells)
• Healing with stem cells adult cells 


  Adult stem cells can be used to treat disease by replacing faulty blood cells in patient.
• Healing with stem cells embryonic cells


  Have potential in treating a variety of conditions including diabetes and spinal injuries.
• Healing with stem cells therapeutic cloning 


  therapeutic cloning involves creating embryos with the same DNA as a patient. Embryos can be used to produce stem cells with same genetic information
• Phloem cells 


  Specialized for transporting food substances
• Phloem cells 


  . They have very few subcelluar structures to help substances flow through easily.

  . cells are joined end to end to form tubes to transport food in plants.
• Xylem cells

  Specialized for transporting water and minerals
• xylem cells

  . They are hollow for easy flow

  . They are made up of dead cells strengthened with lignin.
• Undifferentiated cells

  Are known as stem cells
• Mitosis 


  Is a form of cell division that happens in normal body cells e.g muscles skin.

  it is used for growth and repai.

  one cells divides into 2 identical daughter cells
• Meiosis 


  Is a form of cell division that makes gametes egg and sperm cells.

  one cell divides twice to form 4 non-identical gametes