urban issues and challenges

• over 50% global population live in urban areas
• megacity 


  population over 10 million
• HIC


  high income country. heavily urbanised and majority of population live in cities
• NEE


  newly emerging economy. varying urbanisation rates
• LIC


  low income country. increasingly urbanising. rural to urban migration
• natural increase 


  birth rate higher than death rate
• birth rate in increasing becasue young migrants are having children
• death rate decreases because of better access to healthcare and better standard of living leading to a higher life expectancy
• urbanisation 


  growth in proportion of people living in urban environments
• causes of urbanisation

  natural increase and rural-urban migration
• push factors

  low wages

  few job opportunities

  limited healthcare and education services

  poor living conditions

  conflict and war

  crop failure and famine

  natural disasters
• pull factors 


  high wages

  more job opportunities

  better access to healthcare and education

  better living conditions

  better facilities
• rio de janeiro

  brazil

  south america

  population of 13m
• rio links to global

  Christ the Redeemer (7wonders of world)

  Copacabana beach (2m tourists)

  Carnivals (5m visitors)

  2016 Olympics

  8th largest economy in world
• rio social challenges

  only 55% access to family health clinic
• solution to healthcare challenge

  specialists sent into favellas to treat 20 diseases. lower infant mortality rate and lowers death rate
• rio social challenge

  12% no water access.

  37% water lost due to illegal access and leaking pipes
• solution to water problem

  7 new treatment plants

  built 300km now pipes
• rio social challenge 


  blackouts. shortage/illegal energy
• solution to energy problem

  60km new power lines

  nuclear power plant

  hydroelectric dam
• rio social challenge

  education is only compulsory from 6-14

  high crime rates and drug trafficking
• solution to education problem

  volunteers

  schools grants to poor families
• rio economic challenge

  high crime rates
• solution to crime problem

  pacifying police units sent to deal with drug problems
• rio economic problem

  3.5m work in informal sector

  no taxes
• solution to informal sector problem

  re-education in adults

  increasing employment opportunities
• rio environmental challenge

  40% in number of cars

  high crime

  one of the most congested cities

  5000 air pollution deaths a year
• solution to traffic and air pollution problem

  expansion of the metro in guanabara bay

  ono way roads along the coast
• rio environmental challenge

  55 rivers flowing into guanabara bay are polluted

  90% in commercial fishing
• solution to water pollution problem

  12 new sewage works

  aid

  ship fines for waste

  5km new sewage pipes
• rio environmental challenge

  50 tonnes waste added t0 guanabara bay each day

  rats in favellas leading to disease
• solution to waste problem

  power plant built from methane

  consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish each day

  provides electricity for 1000 homes
• favella bairo project

  $1b

  improve 37 favellas
• favella bairro project social improvements

  Laid paved and formally named the roads

  People in the Favela are given one free ticket a day for the cable car

  A Pacifying Police Unit was set up to patrol the community

  Adult literacy classes set up to help adults learn to read and write Electrical cabling was installed to most of the Favelas

  Installed access to water and drainage system

  Day care centres so parents could go to work

  Skills courses set up for adults e.g. bricklaying

  New health and education facilities built
• favella bairro project economic improvements

  Installed a cable car to the commercial centre of Rio

  Adult literacy classes set up which improved jobs

  Day care centres set up so parents could work

  100% mortgages available for people to buy their home

  People have been loaned money to help with home improvements
• favella bairro project environmental improvements

  The hillsides have been secured to prevent landslides
• positives of rio Olympics

  redevelopment of crime ridden areas

  luxury athlete apartments used as social housing for sick/elderly/poor

  63% now access mass transport systems (metro and light-rail system)

  new cable car linking favella with city
• negatives of rio olympics

  wealth division - huge spending on stadiums compared to low wages

  unfinished projects - dereliction

  crime and violence - 14 deaths

  broken promises no free tickets to locals

  pollution - water athletes infected with viruses and respiratory illnesses
• high population density

  flat land

  fertile land

  moderate climate

  water surplus

  job opportunities
• manchester

  north west england

  2.8m population