intelligence

• Psychometrics is the study of individual differences
• individual differences is the mental capacity of a person, or the so called intelligence.
• INTELLIGENCE refers to problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to environment and learn from life’s everyday experience
• Bi-factor theory of Charles Edward Spearman (1927) all intellectual ability can be expressed as the result of the operation of two factors: general intelligence and specific abilities
• Primary Mental Abilities/Thurstone’s Weighted Group-Factor Theory

  
  

  Intelligence is a collection of many separated specific abilities
• verbal comprehension = the ability to understand word meanings
• verbal fluency = ability to think of words rapidly
• number, or arithmetic ability
• •memory = the ability to learn and retain information
• perceptual speed = ability to identify objects quickly  
• •inductive reasoning = or deriving general ideas and rules from specific information
• spatial visualization = the ability to mentally visualize and manipulate objects in space
• American psychologist Raymond B. Cattel provided evidence of two fundamental types of intelligence, Fluid and crystallized intelligence
• Fluid intelligence = represents the biological basis of intelligence and reflects speed of reasoning and memory
• Crystallized intelligence = is the knowledge and skills obtained through learning and experience
• The Triachic Theory of Intelligence is by Robert Stenberg
• The Triachic Theory of Intelligence is composed of cognitive/componential, experiential/creative, and contextual/practical intelligence
• Componential intelligence refers to someone's verbal reasoning ability
• Experiential intelligence enables people to adjust creatively and effectively to new task and situation
• Contextual intelligence refers to what enables people to select environment in which they can function, adjust, and modify if necessary
• J.P. Guilford Theory of Intelligence provides a three-dimensional structure of intelligence that includes, operation, content, and products
• Operation = what the individual does or the   process involved in knowing such as cognition, memory and evaluation.
• Content = what are individual knows or the nature of information.
• Products = the end results or the processed information
• Theory of Multiple Intelligence originated with Howard Gardner
• Linguistic intelligence = involves aptitude with speech and language
• Logical-mathematical = intelligence involves the ability to reason abstractly and solve mathematical and logical problems.  Physicist Albert Einstein is a good example of this intelligence.
• Spatial intelligence   = is used to perceive visual and spatial information and to conceptualize the world in tasks like navigation and art.
• musical intelligence = the ability to perform and appreciate music
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence = is the ability to use one’s body or portions of it in various activities, such as dancing, athletics, acting, surgery and magic.  Martha Graham, the famous dancer is a good example of bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
• Interpersonal intelligence = involves understanding others and acting on that understanding and is exemplified by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.
• Naturalist intelligence = involves recognizing natural objects and living things and is exemplified by Charles Darwin.
• Intrapersonal intelligence = involves having insight into oneself and being able to manage ones own feelings and impulses. This type of intelligence is exemplified by Mahatma Gandhi.
• Factors Affecting Intelligence Development is the heredity and environment
• HEREDITY is represented by the genes transmitted from parents to offspring at the movement of conception. 
• Heredity can affect intelligence only indirectly.
• ENVIRONMENT is represented by all stimuli that the individual is exposed to from conception to death.