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• Grammatical Signals/ Expressions


  Words or phrases used to develop, emphasize, or summarize ideas in writing
• Idea Development


  The manner, pattern or method by which a writer or speaker explains his main idea about a topic in a paragraph/s
• Common Patterns of Idea Development

  • General to Particular
  • Claim and Counterclaim
  • Problem and Solution
  • Cause and Effect
  • Compare and Contrast
• General to Particular


  • Method of explanation done by starting with a broad (big) idea and by following it with particular (small) ideas in support to the broad idea
  • Usually used in answering essay type tests, introducing a paper, giving background to a research paper, or opening paragraphs for a discussion
• Grammatical Signals /Expressions for General to Particular


  • Sequence/Order: first, second, third..., next, then, finally
  • Examples: for example, for instance, namely, specifically, such as, like
  • Additional Support: additionally, again, also, and, as well as, furthermore, moreover
• General to Particular


  • In the garden, you will see many types of flowering plants such as rose, daisy, and orchid.
• General to Particular


  The teaching of English 8 is not limited to the discussion of literature in Africa and Asia. First of all, a brief historical background about the countries is discussed. Then, some interesting facts about the countries are introduced. Next, various songs from each country are also taught. Lastly, literary pieces are tackled.
• Claim and Counterclaim


  • Method of developing a paragraph by stating a claim, by stating your counterclaim and by following the counterclaim with reasons or evidences to support counterclaim
  • Claim is an arguable idea used to support or prove an argument
  • Counterclaim is an idea that opposes or is against the claim
  • Reasons/Evidences are important to support and explain the validity of an argument
• Grammatical Signals /Expressions for Claim and Counterclaim


  • Claim: clearly, then, I believe that/others believe that, experts agree, it is clear to me, while majority
  • Counterclaim: on the contrary, but/however, while it may be true, even though, but when you look at the facts
  • Reasons/Evidences: according to, evidence shows that, a study reveals that, based on the evidence, (the author) claims
• Claim and Counterclaim


  • Others believe that bullying is a natural part of our humanity. However, they fail to understand that bullying is a cycle that has been perpetuated for centuries.
• Claim and Counterclaim


  • While majority have found out that the succulents are just easy to take care of, some still think that they have to exert more effort in taking care of them. They can be given only a little amount of water; however one should also be careful not to put water on their leaves or else they will turn yellow. A study reveals that not all succulents want to be placed under the sun, in fact, some just want to be in a bright shaded area.
• Problem and Solution


  • Divides the information into two, one that describes the problem and one that describes the solution
  • Problem is a condition that is unwelcome and needs to be resolved
  • Solution is an action regarded as a means of solving a problem
• Grammatical Signals /Expressions for Problem and Solution


  • Problem: the problem is, the main difficulty is, this led to, one challenge is, the issue is
  • Solution: to solve this problem, one possible solution is, must, should, in order to, can be resolved by
• Problem and Solution


  • Since pollution has a detrimental impact on modern living standards, the key solution would be the increase recycling of waste products.
• Problem and Solution


  • Nowadays, one challenge being dealt by parents is the addiction to online games of their children. Some even skip their meals because they are preoccupied in playing. One way to resolve this problem is for parents to give a certain time for their children to be allowed to play the games. In order to make their children obey them, they should be strict about it.
• Cause-Effect


  • Analytical mode of paragraph development that shows how events are influenced by or caused by others which we call the linkage of the causation
  • Cause is the reason why something happens
  • Effect is a change which a result or consequences of an action
• Grammatical Signals /Expressions for Cause-Effect

  • Cause: because, since, due to, for, as, an account of
  • Effect: therefore, hence, as a result, thus, consequently, for this reason
• Cause-Effect


  • Jenny studied hard for her Algebra exam. As a result, she got 97 in her final grade.
• Cause-Effect


  • The rise of social media has fundamentally transformed how we interact and consume information. As a result, these online platforms fueled by constant connectivity have fostered a culture of instant gratification and short attention spans. Consequently, critical thinking skills have declined while misinformation and confirmation bias run rampant. The shift in communication habits has also led to impacted mental health.
• Compare and Contrast


  • Shows how two or more people, places, or things are alike or different
  • Comparing is showing the similarities
  • Contrast is showing differences between two things that are related in some way
• Grammatical Signals /Expressions for Compare and Contrast


  • Compare: alike, as well as, compared with, same as, similar to, similarly
  • Contrast: however, on the other hand, on the contrary, while, instead of, although
• Compare and Contrast


  • Both Don Macchiatos and Uncle Brew share rich coffee flavor, but Don Macchiatos tend to have a bolder taste compared with the smoother taste of Uncle Brew.
• Compare and Contrast


  • The Green sea turtle and the Loggerhead sea turtle nest along the Atlantic and the Pacific shores in the United States. The Green sea turtle is on the endangered list while the Loggerhead is listed as threatened. The Green sea turtle eats grass, algae, and other vegetation and is classified as herbivorous. On the other hand, the Loggerhead turtle is classified as carnivorous and eats horseshoe crabs, clams, and mussels. Both sea turtles live in temperate waters and tend to stay near the coastline.
• Text Types


  • Narrative text
  • Recount text
  • Expository text
  • Explanatory text
  • Persuasive text
• Narrative text


  A type of text that tells a story or narrate series of events
• Narrative text


  • Its purpose is to entertain readers and engage the readers' imagination
  • It often imparts a lesson
• Narrative text


  • Is most often written in past or present tense
  • Uses third or first-person point of view
  • Uses adverbs of time
  • Language is used creatively to paint a picture in the reader's mind
• Narrative text


  • The Dog and the Shadow
• Recount text


  A form of writing that involves retelling past events or experiences
• Recount text


  • Its purpose is to inform or entertain the reader by providing a detailed order of what happened in the past
  • Often written in past tense
  • Uses time connectives to organize chronology e.g. first, then, next, after
  • Uses concrete and vivid language
• Recount text

  • A Trip to the National Zoo and Aquarium
  • Footsteps on the Moon
• Expository text


  Type of text that provides factual information about a topic
• Expository text


  • Its main purpose is to inform and explain
  • Uses a precise language
  • Contains factual and organized information
  • Uses signal words
• Expository text


  • Ways Animals Protect Themselves
• Explanatory text


  A type of text that is used to describe or gives explanation on how things work and why things happen
• Explanatory text


  • Its main purpose is to explain or give information on what, how, and why a certain thing happens
  • Written in present tense
  • Uses action verbs
  • Uses conjunction
• Explanatory text


  • Why Sleep is Important
• Persuasive text


  A type of text that tries to persuade the reader to agree with a particular point of view
• Persuasive text


  • Its purpose is to encourage or convince the readers of adopting a particular viewpoint
  • Written in simple present tense
  • Moves from general point to specific points
  • Uses logical connectives (therefore, because of this, this proves that)
  • Uses facts and evidence to support arguments
• Persuasive text


  • The best vacation is a trip to the beach.