General Biology 2

• What are the current levels in the taxonomic system (highest to lowest)

  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
• Taxonomy was first proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in his 1735 book Systema Naturea
• 3 domains of life

  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
• Bacteria and Archaea - has microorganisms that are single-celled whose cells does not have membranes around the nucleus
• Eukarya - comprises of all life with complex cell that has a membrane, nucleus, and organelles
• the 3 domains of life was added to the Linnean taxonomy by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler, and Mark Wheelis in 1990
• 6 branches of kingdom

  1. animals
  2. plants
  3. fungi
  4. protozoa
  5. chromista
  6. bacteria
• plants and animals - the two kingdoms proposed by Linnaeus
• the 2 kingdoms proposed by Linnaeus was replaced by Whittaker's five kingdom model in 1968 and then Cavalier-Smith's six kingdom model in 1988
• Animalia - contains all multi-cellular organisms that can move around, breathe, eat, and reproduce sexually
• plantae - includes multi-cellular organisms that generate energy though photosynthesis
• fungi - used to be considered as part of the plant kingdom
• fungi - they get their energy by digesting other organic matter
• Protista - single-celled organisms and considered as leftovers since they do not fit with any other category
• Eubacteria - single-celled organisms that live all around us
• archea - oldest living single-celled organism and believed to be the original lifeforms and is considered to be extremophiles
• porifera - sponges that filter water to obtain food
• Cnidaria - animals that have stinging cells like jellyfish
• platyhelminthes - flatworms that have bilaterial symmetry
• nematoda - roundworms that include both free-living and parasitic species
• annelida - segmented worms
• mollusca - soft-bodied animals that have a mantle and may have a shell
• anthropoda - animals with jointed legs and exoskeleton
• chordata - animals with notochord
• byrophytes - non-vascular plants, which means they do not have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients
• pteridophytes - vascular plants that reproduce through spores
• gymnosperms - seed-bearing plants that do not have flowers/fruits
• angiosperms - seed-bearing plants that have flowers/fruits
• 5 classes of the phylum chordata (vertebrates)

  1. amphibians
  2. reptiles
  3. bird
  4. mammals
  5. chondricthytes and osteichthyes
• amphibians - cold blooded vertebrates with live in and out of water
• reptiles - cold blooded vertebrates that usually live on land
• bird (aves) - warm blooded, feathered animals that lay hard eggs and are able to fly
• mammals - warm blooded animals that have fur or hair and produce milk to feed their young
• Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes - fishes
• 2 classes of phylum angiospermophyta (flowering plants)

  1. monocots
  2. dicots
• monocots - starts out with a singular-part seed and their petals are multiples of 3
• dicots - starts out with a two-chambered seed and their petals are not multiples of 3
• some order of the animal class

  1. carnivora
  2. rodentia
  3. chiropptera
  4. primates
• carnivora - animals that eats meat
• rodentia - they gnaw when they eat