What was the attitude to women in America in the 1960s?
The 2 main traditional views of a woman's role in the 1960s were:
A woman's place was in the home, looking after the children.
Once married, a woman was expected to give up her job and become a housewife.
Why did women start protesting in America in the 1960s?
Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Roosevelt, had campaigned for women's rights since the 1930s and this encouraged women to protest.
Betty Friedan's book, 'The Feminine Mystique', explored the position and role of women and raised the case for equality, influencing many women.
Women were unhappy they did not receive equal pay to men for doing the same job, as discovered by the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women.
The 1960s was a period of protest and the civil rights movement influenced many women.
Why did women start protesting in America in the 1960s?
The increased desire for gadgets like the television and labour-saving devices such as the washing machine meant households needed more than one wage-earner to afford them. Such devices also meant women had more time and so could work outside the home.
The development of the contraceptive pill from 1960 meant women could choose when they had a family and plan their career and education around it.
Who influenced the women's movement in America in the 1960s?
Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Roosevelt.
Betty Friedan, author of 'The Feminine Mystique'.
The National Organisation of Women, or NOW.
Stop Taking Our Privileges (STOP) by Phyllis Schlafly.
The Women's Liberation Movement.
Why did some people not agree with the women's movement in America in the 1960s?
Some people objected to equality, believing in traditional gender roles. They thought the women's movement was damaging to society and family life.
Those who strongly opposed the women's movement said all feminists were lesbians.
There was opposition to some of the movement's aims, particularly its demands on abortion, which drove many women to form and join other groups that supported a woman's traditional role as homemaker.
How did some people oppose the women's movement in the 1960s?
The women's movement attracted a lot of negative publicity and media coverage was often negative.
Those who took part in protests were often verbally abused and sometimes attacked.
Groups such as Stop Taking Our Privileges (STOP) by Phyllis Schlafly were set up by those who opposed certain aims of the women's movement.
Was the women's movement a success in America in the 1960s?
Equalpay for men and women who were doing the same job was made law in the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
NOW, or the National Organisation of Women, won several court cases in which women who were paid less than men for doing the same job were awarded money.
Discrimination based on gender was made illegal in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Sex discrimination in education was made illegal in the Education Amendment Act of 1972, which stated boys and girls should follow the same school curriculum.
Was the women's movement a success in America in the 1960s?
The women's movement led to the legalisation of abortion through the Roe v. Wade court case in 1973.
More women were encouraged to become politically active and work in a wider range of jobs. The traditional role of women was challenged.
What were the limitations of the women's movement in America in the 1960s?
The number of women in management roles remained very low.
Sexism still existed.
Equal pay is still an issue today.
Who was Eleanor Roosevelt?
Eleanor Roosevelt was the wife of the 32nd President of the USA, Franklin D Roosevelt. She played an important role in campaigning for women's rights.
When did Eleanor Roosevelt campaign for women's rights?
Eleanor Roosevelt campaigned for women's rights between 1933 and 1962.
How did Eleanor Roosevelt campaign for women?
She held press conferences and only allowed women to attend, ensuring media outlets had to employ female journalists.
She put pressure on her husband and other politicians to employ more women.
She made radio and television broadcasts and wrote articles sharing her opinions on many issues, including women's rights.
She agreed to support John F Kennedy's campaign to become president if he agreed to look into the status of women through the creation of a commission.
How did Eleanor Roosevelt help women?
The President's Commission on the Status of Women, created in 1961, highlighted inequality for women in the workplace in terms of pay and opportunity.
Two laws were passed in the 1960s partly as a result of the Commission's findings. The Equal Pay Act in June 1963 made it illegal to pay people differently for the same job, while the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal to discriminate against someone based on gender.
How did Eleanor Roosevelt help women?
She was internationally respected and helped write the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is still in existence today.
Who was Phyllis Schlafly?
Phyllis Schlafly was an anti-feminist campaigner who believed strongly in the traditional role of women.
How did Schlafly oppose the women's movement?
She created the EagleForum, a conservative organisation that was pro-life and anti-abortion, in 1967.
She made speeches and wrote articles convincing many women to join the anti-feminist cause.
Schlafly campaigned throughout the USA. In 1972 the Eagle Forum became STOP, or Stop Taking Our Privileges, an organisation that aimed to prevent the Equal Rights Amendment being ratified by states.
Who was Betty Friedan?
Betty Friedan was a journalist and a leading figure in the women's movement during the 1960s. She wrote 'The Feminine Mystique' and co-founded the National Organisation for Women.
What did Betty Friedan's book say?
In her book 'The Feminine Mystique', published in 1963, Friedan said women should have equal rights with men in every way and that women should be able to pursue a good career.
How important was Betty Friedan?
Her book became a bestseller and was very influential in changing thinking about women's roles.
What was the National Organisation for Women?
The National Organisation for Women, or NOW, was created to attract supporters and put pressure on the government to enforce equality. Betty Friedan was its first president.
When was the National Organisation for Women set up?
The National Organisation for Women, or NOW, was created in 1966.
Why was the National Organisation for Women set up?
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 had not solved the problem of unequal pay for women and men for doing the same job. Women were still being paid less than men.
Existing protest movements for civil rights and students were not tackling the issues of sexism.
What were the National Organisation for Women's aims?
NOW demanded equal rights for women in US law, as well as the right of women to choose when they had children.
How many members did the National Organisation for Women have?
By the end of the 1960s, NOW had around 40,000 members.
How did the National Organisation for Women campaign?
They used a variety of tactics and methods to try and bring about change, including protest marches, petitions and strikes.
What impact did the National Organisation for Women have?
NOW increased awareness of the inequality faced by women and inspired many to challenge the system.
The organisation successfully fought a number of court cases and won compensation for women from businesses that failed to pay them the same wage as men, despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
What were the main failures of the National Organisation for Women?
Some considered NOW too radical, particularly on its support for abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Many felt NOW did not do enough to help poorer women as the majority of its members tended to be middle or upper class.
What was the campaign for equal pay?
The campaign for equal pay resulted in the Equal Pay Act of 1963.
Why did the campaign for equal pay start?
Women's groups began to campaign for equalpay as, by 1960, women still earned less than two-thirds than their male counterparts.
Who supported the campaign for equal pay?
The campaign was supported by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and the head of the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labour, Esther Peterson.
Who opposed the campaign for equal pay?
There was opposition from powerful business groups such as the Chamber of Commerce, as well as from many Republican politicians.
What was the Equal Rights Amendment ?
The Equal Rights Amendment was - and still is - a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution to guarantee women will be treated equally to men.
Why was the Equal Rights Amendment not ratified?
The Equal Rights Amendment was presented to Congress repeatedly from 1923. It was eventually passed in 1972, but then had to be ratified by individual states.
Phyllis Schlafly's Stop ERA campaign delayed the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. By 1982 - the deadline for ratification - only 35 of the required 38 states had agreed.
When was the Equal Rights Amendment eventually passed?
In 2020, the ERA was still not law in the US.
What opposition was there to the Equal Rights Amendment?
The Equal Rights Amendment, or 'ERA', proposed a change to the Constitution. It was passed by Congress, but opposition meant that the amendment to the Constitution was never implemented.
Who was opposed to the ERA?
The Stop ERA campaign was led by Phyllis Schlafly.
Why were people opposed to the ERA?
Many opposed the amendment, because they believed it would lead to high abortion rates, women in combat, unisex bathrooms, and gay marriage.
What was the Women's Liberation Movement?
The Women's Liberation Movement was the name given to a group of women whose aims were more radical. They wanted to destroy the existing system and free women from a male-dominated society.
How did the Women's Liberation Movement protest?
At first their protests were aggressive. As an example, at the 1968 Miss America contest they threw bras, makeup and other products they felt proved society only valued women for their looks into bins.
Following a lot of negative publicity they changed their approach. They began to help at a local level by creating discussion groups for women to talk about their experiences in work and education.
By the mid-1970s, they were also helping women to deal with issues such as domestic violence and rape.