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• PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
• Taxonomy of Phylum Coniferophyta


  • Kingdom
  • Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• The 7 Families of Conifers


  • Pinaceae
  • Auricariaceae
  • Podocarpaceae
  • Sciadopityaceae
  • Cupressaceae
  • Cephalotaxaceae
  • Taxaceae
• Conifer


  Derived from the Latin words "conus" (cone) and "ferre" (to bear), highlighting their distinctive reproductive organs
• Conifers


  • Vascular plants, having specialized tissues for transporting water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant
  • Over 600 species, ranging from small shrubs to towering trees, inhabiting a variety of ecosystems worldwide
• Main Characteristics and Features of Conifers


  • Leaves (needles or scales)
  • Cones (male and female)
  • Wood (ligneous, often containing resin)
  • Bark (thick and rough)
  • Stems (woody)
  • Roots (serve vital functions)
• Conifer species are found throughout the globe and the only large land mass they are absent from is Antarctica
• Life Cycle of Phylum Coniferophyta


  1. Seed coat

  2. Leaves

  3. Trunk

  4. Root

  5. Embryo

  6. Stored food

  7. Pair of seeds on upper surface of cone scale

  8. Seedling

  9. Seed cone (female)

  10. Seed cone scales

  11. Pollen cones (male)

  12. Ovule

  13. Megasporocyte

  14. Sporophyte (adult plant)

  15. Pollen cone scale

  16. Microsporangium

  17. Zygote (becomes seed)

  18. Microsporocyte

  19. Megasporangium

  20. Diploid (2n)
• Ecological Importance of Phylum Coniferophyta


  • Habitat and Biodiversity
  • Oxygen Production
  • Soil Stabilization
  • Carbon Sequestration
  • Economic Value
  • Wildlife Habitat
• PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA
• Taxonomy of Phylum Ginkgophyta


  • Kingdom
  • Division
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• Characteristic Features of Ginkgo biloba


  • Tall trees with an excurrent habit
  • Deep penetration roots with a tap root system
  • Deciduous nature of leaves
  • Leaves are fan shaped and possess open dichotomous venation
  • Leaves arise singly along terminal branches
  • Buds present in the axil of leaves give rise to dwarf shoots
  • Growth of plants is comparatively slow
  • Plants are dioecious in nature
• Bryophytes


  Nonvascular plants
• Group 1


  • Degala
  • Jardinaso
  • Murallon
  • Parcon
  • Sobusa
• Bryophytes


  • Have 3 phyla under it
• Phyla of Bryophytes


  • Bryophyta
  • Hepatophyta
  • Anthocerotophyta
• Phylum Bryophyta (Moss)


  • Has 9900 species
  • Usually live in dense colonies or beds on moist soil, rocks, or tree bark
  • Lack vascular tissues
  • Simple, and typically contain leaf-like structures, stems, and often a rhizoid for anchorage
  • Reproduce through spores
• Sphagnum (Peat moss)


  • Known as peat mosses, they often form large, dense mats in boggy areas. Sphagnum mosses are important in wetland ecology and are commonly used in horticulture.
  • Have distinctive stem-like structures called "hyaline cells" that store water and give the moss its characteristic sponge-like texture.
  • Leaves are arranged in spirals around the stem and are often large and overlapping, with hyaline cells concentrated at the leaf bases.
• Polytrichum (Haircap moss)


  • Characterized by their upright growth habit and distinctive sporophytes, Polytrichum mosses are often found in diverse habitats ranging from forests to alpine regions.
  • Have an erect growth habit with a central stem and well-developed leaves arranged in a spiral pattern.
  • Leaves are long and narrow, with toothed margins. They often have specialized structures called lamellae on the upper surface, which aid in moisture absorption.
• Funaria (Cord moss)


  • Also known as "cord mosses," Funaria species typically have a distinctive sporophyte structure and are often found in disturbed habitats such as recently burned areas or along roadsides.
  • Have a prostrate growth habit, with creeping stems that produce upright leafy shoots bearing sporophytes.
  • Leaves are small and ovate, arranged in a spiral pattern around the stem. They may have distinctive structures called gemma cups at the tips of some leaves, which produce asexual reproductive structures called gemmae.
• Moss Gametophyte


  • Leafy, green, usually perennial plant that often bears its gametangia at the top of the plant
  • Upright, stemlike structure bearing leaf-like blades
  • Blades consist of a single layer of undifferentiated cells, except at the midrib
  • Lack of vascular tissues: Absence of true roots, stems, or leaves
  • Tiny, hairlike absorptive structures called rhizoids
• Moss Gametophyte - Female


  • Archegonium with egg
• Moss Gametophyte - Male


  • Antheridiophore with antheridia containing sperm cells
• Moss Sporophyte


  • Initially green and photosynthetic but turns golden brown at maturity
  • Grows out of the top of the female gametophyte and remains attached and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte throughout its existence
  • Foot - which anchors the sporophyte to the gametophyte and absorbs minerals and nutrients from it
  • Seta - stalk
  • Capsule - the sporangium (spore case) that contains spore mother cells
  • Calyptra - which is derived from the archegonium, covers the capsule of some species
• Life Cycle of Mosses

  1. Spore germinates

  2. Protonema forms

  3. Buds on protonema develop into gametophyte plants

  4. Antheridia with sperm cells form on male gametophyte

  5. Archegonia with eggs form on female gametophyte

  6. Fertilization occurs, forming zygote

  7. Zygote develops into sporophyte

  8. Spore mother cells in sporophyte undergo meiosis

  9. Spores are released
• Phylum Hepatophyta (Liverworts)


  • Has 6000 species
  • Small, generally inconspicuous plants that grow on moist soil, rocks, old stumps, and tree bark
  • Lack stomata
  • Liverwort body form is often a flattened, lobed structure called a thallus
• Liverwort Forms


  • Thalloid (Marchantia polymorpha)
  • Leafy (Bazzania trilobata)
• Marchantia (Common liverwort)


  • Typically have a flattened, umbrella-shaped gametophyte with air chambers. They are often found in moist, shady areas and are widely used in scientific research.
  • Thallus structure is typically ribbon-like or strap-shaped.
  • Have gemma cups - cup-like structures containing gemmae for asexual reproduction.
  • Have sexual structures called archegoniophores and antheridiophores that bear archegonia and antheridia, respectively.
• Riccia (Floating crystalwort)


  • Thalloid liverworts, meaning they have a ribbon-like or strap-shaped gametophyte. They are often found in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitats, where they form floating mats or grow on damp soil.
  • Thallus structure is flattened and dichotomously branched.
  • Sexual structures are embedded within the thallus.
• Pellia (Thallose liverworts)


  • Have a lobed or segmented thallus and lack specialized structures like rhizoids or air chambers. They are typically found in damp, shaded habitats such as the forest floor or along stream banks.
  • Thallus structure is thalloid with lobed margins.
  • Sexual structures are produced on specialized structures.
• Life Cycle of Liverworts

  1. Spores germinate and develop into young gametophyte

  2. Gemmae cups form on gametophyte, producing gemmae for asexual reproduction

  3. Male and female gametophyte plants form

  4. Archegonia with eggs form on female gametophyte

  5. Antheridia with sperm cells form on male gametophyte

  6. Fertilization occurs, forming zygote

  7. Zygote develops into sporophyte

  8. Spore mother cells in sporophyte undergo meiosis

  9. Spores are released
• Phylum Anthocerotophyta


  • Have a flattened thalloid gametophyte composed of a sporangium with a columella and pseudoelaters
  • Rare and quite small, and they prefer shady and wet places
  • Grow on the muddy sides of waterways
  • Rhizoids are unicellular
• Anthoceros (Field hornwort)


  • Belongs to the family Anthocerotaceae and is the largest genus of hornworts. It is found inhabiting globally in moist and shaded sub-tropical and temperate regions.
  • Have a small or medium-sized green thallus that has lobed margins.
  • Thallus structure is either pinnately branched or bilobed with a large number of spongy bodies called gemma.
  • Have oogamous sexual reproduction, with both monoecious and dioecious species found.
• Phaeoceros (Smooth hornwort)


  • A species of hornwort commonly found in areas where moisture is plentiful, such as moist soils in fields, the banks of streams and rivers or inundated beneath the surface of the rivers.
  • Grows to a maximum height of about 5 millimetres.
• Hornworts


  • wort
  • Phaeoceros
  • Dendroceros
  • Smooth hornwort
  • Hornwort
• PHYLUM ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA
• Anthoceros

  • Field hornwort
• Anthoceros

  Commonly known as field hornwort and belongs to the family Anthocerotaceae. It is the largest genus of hornworts and is found inhabiting globally. It occurs in moist and shaded sub-tropical and temperate regions. They have a small or medium-sized green thallus that has lobed margins.
• Anthoceros thallus structure


  • Is either pinnately branched or bilobed with a large number of spongy bodies called gemma
• Anthoceros sexual structure


  Oogamous type. Both monoecious and dioecious species are found.