arts and humanities

• Sculpture


  The most important thing to consider is the material
• Early sculpture materials

  • Bone
  • Wood
• Modern sculptors use a variety of materials for their work
• Different materials require different methods of handling
• 2 Major Sculpture Processes

  • Subtractive
  • Additive
• Subtractive process


  The unwanted material is cut away
• Subtractive process


  • Carving of wood and stone
• Additive process


  The final result is produced by putting together smaller segments of the material
• Additive process


  • Putting together bits of clay or welding together parts of metal
• 2 major Mediums of subtractive process

  • Stone
  • Wood
• Other mediums used

  • Soap
  • Insulating brick
  • Plaster of Paris
• Mediums of additive process

  • Moist clay
  • Metal wires, rods, and plates
• Moist clay

  Molded and then subjected to intense heat to produce a ceramic
• Metal wires, rods, and plates


  Combined by soldering or welding
• Relief


  A sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material
• Free-standing


  A term that describes a piece of art that is not attached to a wall or building or a piece that stands on a pedestal or base
• Mediums of the visual arts

  • Bronze
  • Wood
  • Ivory
  • Terra Cotta
  • Plastic
• Bronze

  May be solid in small statues
• Wood


  • Cheap, readily available, and easy to cut
  • Polishes well and has a smooth shiny surface and beautiful color
  • Relatively light and can be seen, adds to its beauty
• Ivory


  • The survival is due to the intrinsic value of the material
  • Lends itself to technical mastery
  • Popular to ordinary craftspeople
• Terra Cotta

  • Very responsive to a sculptor's hand and tools
  • Yields even the slightest pressure and can be worked and re-worked until the artist has achieved what he wants to do
• Plastic

  Less expensive for use as a casting material then metals and less fragile in many ways
• Architecture


  • The art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction
  • Employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends
• Materials used in architecture

  • Stone
  • Wood
  • Brick
  • Concrete
  • Glass
  • Plastic materials
• Types of construction

  • Post-and-lintel
  • Arch
  • Cantilever
  • Stone
  • Concrete
  • Steel
• Post-and-lintel

  Two vertical posts for support (post) and a horizontal one (lintel)
• Arch


  • Architectural form built from pieces of wood called voussoirs with joints between them and are arranged in a semi-circle
  • Since stone can stand great pressure and is durable, this method is typical for stone construction
  • A roof resembling an inverted cup or hems sphere, formed by rounded arches or vaults rising from around or many-sided base
• Cantilever


  • Any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one end only
  • Needs a beam with a great tensile strength that can be securely fastened at the supported end
• Stone

  The material used in most of the great architecture of the world where permanence is desired
• Concrete

  A building material made of sand and gravel mixed with cement
• Steel

  • A tough alloy of iron in variable amounts
  • Malleable under proper conditions and greatly hardened by sudden cooling
  • Has tensile strength
  • Has made possible the building of the high-rise structures which are very popular these days
• Line

  • An important element at the disposal of every artist
  • Through the lines of every painting or sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is about
• Straight lines

  Associated with the ideas of steadiness and force
• Curved lines


  Associated with flexibility, buoyancy, and grace
• Straight line


  Moves in one direction only, may be horizontal, vertical or diagonal
• Horizontal lines

  Lines of repose and serenity, express ideas of calmness and quiescence
• Vertical lines

  • Poised, balanced, forceful, and dynamic
  • Tend to express as well as arouse emotions of exaltation and inquietude, evident in monumental architecture
• Diagonal line


  Suggest action and movement, give animation to any composition in which they appear
• Curved lines


  Suggest grace, movement, flexibility and joyousness, formed by a gradual change in direction
• 3 classification of lines

  • Repetition
  • Contrast
  • Transition