cultural variations in attachment

• Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries, used the strange situation.
• it was found secure attachment most common in all. Japan & Israel (collectivist) higher levels of insecure resistant. Germany (individualistic) higher levels of insecure-avoidant. Variation within cultures 1.6x greater than between cultures.
• • could be argued that is mainly countries not cultures
• • sample biased, 27/32 individualistic cultures
• • strange situation based off americans, not generalised to collectivist cultures, imposed etic
• • Bowlby claims global culture could be due to mass media
• • reliable, large sample, 1800 children, decreases due to chance.