RIPH summary

• Treaty of Paris


  Agreement between the US and Spain that ended the Spanish-American War
• The war started because the United States blamed the Spanish military for the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana, Cuba harbor on February 15, 1898
• The Treaty of Paris gave the US possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for $20 million
• William McKinley was the President of America when the Treaty of Paris was signed
• Political caricatures during the American Period


  • Gained full expression
  • Provided a comprehensive background to the turbulent period
• Political caricatures


  • Is the Police Bribed
  • New Bird of Prey
  • While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building
  • Where the Mosquito Is King
  • Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Alfred McCoy's research provides a comprehensive background to the political caricatures and the turbulent period
• Pedro Chua was the publisher of "The Independent" who wrote allegations of police bribery in the Philippines Free Press
• Jones Law


  A promise that the US will grant independence once the Philippines has its stable government established
• Woodrow Wilson oversaw the passage of the Jones Law
• Warren Harding sent Wood and Forbes to the Philippines to assess the country's readiness for independence, which exposed corruption and patronage in government-owned corporations
• Leonard Wood


  Governor General of the Philippines who implemented reforms and faced opposition from Filipino politicians, appointed an American military cabinet, vetoed bills, and reversed the Filipino Policy
• Wood used public funds to grant additional compensation to public officials in violation of the law
• Mayor Ramon Fernandez, Senator Manuel Quezon, Secretary Jose Laurel, and Speaker Manuel Roxas resigned in protest against Wood's actions
• Ray Conley was accused of receiving money from gambling lords, leading to a controversy involving Governor-General Wood and Filipino officials
• The struggles between Wood and Filipino leaders enhanced the nationalistic spirit of the people
• Corazon Aquino


  First female president of the Philippines, served from 1986 to 1992
• Aquino's speech gave insights into how Filipinos struggled to attain freedom and the resistance from the past that inspired Filipino revolutionaries
• EDSA I revolution


  A powerful way to oust a dictator, giving the concept of political power belonging to the people
• Raiders of Sulu Sea

  • Historical context of piracy and maritime conflicts in the Sulu Sea during the Spanish colonial period
  • Depicts how the Spaniards defended the city of Fort Pilar as Spain's last stronghold
• Groups involved in maritime conflicts in the Sulu Sea


  • Samal or Balangingi
  • Tausug
  • Illanun
• Garay


  An ancient maritime vessel known for its speed and capable of carrying over 100 sailors, formed with bamboo, wood, and nipa palm
• Ancient maritime weapons used by Philippine Muslims

  • Kampilan
  • Kris
  • Barong
  • Kalis
• Story of Bataan and Corregidor


  • Describes the role of Filipino veterans in World War 2, including the Bataan Death March
  • Discusses Gen. Douglas McArthur's War Plan Orange and the defense of Bataan
  • Mentions the Medal of Valor awarded to Jesus Villamor for leading air force troops against the Japanese
  • Discusses President Quezon's decision to declare Manila an Open City
• Juan Luna


  A great Filipino painter and prominent propagandist who pushed for political reforms
• Paintings of Juan Luna


  • Spoliarium
  • Parisian Life
  • Blood Compact
• Fernando Amorsolo


  The "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art"
• Paintings of Fernando Amorsolo


  • The Rise of the Philippine Flag
  • Rice Planting
  • Antipolo
• The first mass in the Philippines was celebrated on March 31, 1521 after Magellan and his men arrived on the shores of Homonhon in Samar
• There is a controversy over whether the first mass took place in Limasawa, Southern Leyte or Masao, Butuan
• Republic Act No. 2733 declares Limasawa in Leyte as a national shrine to commemorate the First Mass in the Philippines
• After the cross was erected, Magellan and his crew repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and the king also adored the cross
• The islands were called the archipelago of San Lazaro, as they were discovered on the Sabbath of St. Lazarus
• GOMBURZA


  Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, executed by garrote for their alleged involvement in the Cavite Mutiny
• T.H. Pardo De Tavera gave an account of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, while the Spanish historian Jose Montero Vidal's account was criticized as woefully biased
• El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three martyr priests executed in Bagumbayan in 1872
• The first cry of the revolution happened on August 23, 1896 in Pugadlawin, signaling the Filipinos' defiance and determination to fight for independence
• Accounts of the first cry of the revolution

  • Dr. Pio Valenzuela
  • Santiago Alvarez
  • Gregoria De Jesus
  • Olegario Diaz
  • Guillermo Masangkay