hist

• Concert of Europe


  A diplomatic system in the 19th century that aimed to maintain a balance of power among European nations and prevent conflicts, especially after the Napoleonic Wars
• Mobilization


  The process of preparing and organizing a country's military forces for war or other significant conflicts
• Polish Diet


  The legislative assembly of the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, responsible for passing laws and making political decisions
• In 1830, there was another revolution in France
• The 'legitimate' Bourbon monarchy, which had been established in 1814-15, was overthrown
• Louis-Philippe


  He was regarded as a 'middle-class' king, and he ruled with a more restricted constitution
• Rather than King of France, he was King of the French, owing his legitimacy to the people rather than God
• The revolution soon spread to Belgium, Poland and Italy
• Kingdom of the Netherlands


  • It had not worked by the 1820s
  • There was considerable discontent among the Belgians who resented the enforced use of the Dutch language and submission to Dutch officials
  • They also protested over what they considered to be unfair taxation
  • The whole issue was made worse by the fact that the southern Belgians were Catholic while the Dutch were Calvinists
• Belgian revolt


  1. Riot in Brussels turned into a full-scale revolt when Dutch troops tried to restore order

  2. By September, most of Belgium was in revolt and a provisional government was set up
• Concerns of other European powers


  • The gravest fear was of intervention by the new 'liberal' French government in support of fellow Catholic Belgians
  • The eastern powers were horrified at this upset to the settlement and the effect of revolution generally
  • The British did not want the Belgian ports falling into French hands
  • Prussia might feel obliged to go to the aid of the King of the Netherlands
• Resolution of Belgian crisis

  1. By October 1830, the Belgians claimed their independence

  2. Prussians and French agreed to a policy of non-intervention

  3. Conference of ambassadors in London advised re-establishing the old frontiers of the United Provinces (Holland) and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)

  4. Louis-Philippe declined the offer to make his son king of Belgium, and agreed to accept Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as a neutral candidate
• Dutch rejection of terms


  Defeated the Belgians, so the French army marched north and drove the Dutch from Belgium
• Not until May 1839 did the King of the Netherlands accept a truce, and even then he withheld his signature from the final treaty until financial pressure grew too great
• A smaller Luxembourg was given to Holland and the neutrality of Belgium was guaranteed as permanent by the Great Powers
• Events in Poland followed a very different path from those in Belgium
• Polish revolt


  1. In November 1830, the Warsaw garrison, whose young officers and cadets had been attracted by liberal, nationalist ideas, disobeyed Russian orders and rose in revolt against Russian rule

  2. By January 1831 the Polish Diet had proclaimed the deposition of Nicholas I and had, in effect, declared war on Russia

  3. The rebels enjoyed some early successes but failed to attract the peasants

  4. By late Spring 1831, the Russians had begun to restore control

  5. By September, they retook Warsaw, and Poland was placed under military rule
• The Poles had expected support from the west, particularly as their claims to independence had greater historical backing than those of the Belgians, whose wishes had been granted
• However, their position in the east of Europe, away from British and French influence and where British sea power was of no relevance, meant they were deserted
• It was the French example, again, which inspired the 1831 risings in Modena, Parma and the Papal States
• • The risings were uncoordinated and not supported by the masses
  • The rival Italian city states would not work together and the French were unwilling to help
• When Metternich tried to find out the French position, he received a message suggesting that France was only prepared to defend its immediate neighbours, Belgium, Piedmont, the Rhineland and Spain, from intervention by other powers
• Reassured, Metternich felt safe enough to send in Austrian troops. They successfully occupied Modena on 4 March 1831 and Bologna on 21 March
• Concert of Europe


  A diplomatic system in the 19th century that aimed to maintain a balance of power among European nations and prevent conflicts, especially after the Napoleonic Wars
• Mobilization


  The process of preparing and organizing a country's military forces for war or other significant conflicts
• Polish Diet


  The legislative assembly of the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, responsible for passing laws and making political decisions
• In 1830, there was another revolution in France
• The 'legitimate' Bourbon monarchy, which had been established in 1814-15, was overthrown
• Louis-Philippe


  He was regarded as a 'middle-class' king, and he ruled with a more restricted constitution
• Rather than King of France, he was King of the French, owing his legitimacy to the people rather than God
• The revolution soon spread to Belgium, Poland and Italy
• Kingdom of the Netherlands


  • It had not worked by the 1820s
  • There was considerable discontent among the Belgians who resented the enforced use of the Dutch language and submission to Dutch officials
  • They also protested over what they considered to be unfair taxation
  • The whole issue was made worse by the fact that the southern Belgians were Catholic while the Dutch were Calvinists
• Belgian revolt


  1. Riot in Brussels turned into a full-scale revolt when Dutch troops tried to restore order

  2. By September, most of Belgium was in revolt and a provisional government was set up
• The gravest fear of the other powers


  Intervention by the new 'liberal' French government in support of fellow Catholic Belgians
• The eastern powers were horrified


  At this upset to the settlement and the effect of revolution generally
• The British were just as concerned as the eastern powers


  • They did not want the Belgian ports falling into French hands
  • There was also the complication that Prussia might, based on the terms of the Vienna Settlement, feel obliged to go to the aid of the King of the Netherlands
• In August 1830, the French declared


  They would intervene in Belgium if Prussia were to send troops to help the King of the Netherlands
• How were the problems resolved?

  1. By October 1830, the Belgians claimed their independence

  2. The Prussians and French agreed to a policy of non-intervention

  3. In November, a conference of ambassadors took place in London, between British, French and Dutch representatives

  4. They advised that the old frontiers of the United Provinces (Holland) and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) be re-established
• Matters grew tense in the spring of 1831


  When the French called up 80,000 men
• Russia's inclination to act


  Was curbed by the revolution in Poland from November 1830 to October 1831