tcw midterms

• Stages of Development of Societies

  • Hunting and Gathering
  • Horticultural and Pastoral
  • Agrarian Societies
  • Industrial Societies
  • Post-industrial Societies
• Hunting and Gathering


  The only type of society until about 12,000 years ago, common several centuries ago, only a few remains today and are threatened with extinction
• Hunting and Gathering


  • Primitive weapons for productive technology
  • Population size of 25-40 people in a group
  • Nomadic settlement pattern
  • Family-centered social organization
  • Limited specialization to age and sex
  • Little to no social inequality
• Hunting and Gathering


  • Bushmen of Southwestern Africa
  • Aborigines of Australia
  • Sentinelese of India
• Horticultural


  A type of food production where food is grown using very simple tools, without permanently planting or caring for a field
• Pastoral


  A nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which they rely on for food
• Horticultural and Pastoral


  • Settlements of several hundred people, connected through trading ties to form societies of several thousand people
  • Family-centered social organization
  • Religious system begins to develop
  • Moderate specialization
  • Increased social inequality
• Horticultural and Pastoral


  • Middle Eastern societies about 5000 BCE
  • Yanomamo in South America
  • Igorot of Benguet
• Agrarian Societies


  From about 5,000 years ago, with large but decreasing numbers today, using animal-drawn plow for productive technology
• Agrarian Societies


  • Millions of people in population size
  • Settled settlement pattern
  • Family loses significance as distinct religious, political, and economic systems emerge
  • Extensive specialization
  • Increased social inequality
• Agrarian Societies


  • Egypt during the construction of Pyramids
  • Medieval Europe (until before French Revolution)
• Cradles of Civilization


  • Mesopotamian Civilization
  • Egyptian Civilization
  • Ancient China (Huang Ho) Civilization
  • Indus Valley Civilization
• Cradles of Civilization


  • Control over rivers
  • Centralization
  • High population
  • Coordination of the population
  • Control over the population
  • Establishment of a religious system
  • High division of labor
• Industrial Revolution


  A period of development in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe into industrialized, urban ones, with massive scale replacement of human power and animal power with the power of machines
• Industrial Revolution


  • Changes in the production of goods: from handmade to machine-made, from home production to factory production, from small amounts to mass production, use of technology to speed up production
• Causes and Preconditions of Industrial Revolution in 18th Century England

  • Natural resources
  • Geography
  • Investment capital
  • Labor supply
  • Increased demand
  • Transportation and colonial empire
  • Agricultural changes
  • Role of government
  • Inventions
• Industrial Societies


  A society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labor
• Industrial Societies


  • Historical period from about 1750 to the present
  • Advanced sources of energy and mechanized production for productive technology
  • Millions of people in population size
  • Cities contain most of the population
  • Distinct religious, political, economic, educational, and family systems
  • Highly specialized
  • Marked social inequality persists, diminishing over time
• Post-Industrial Societies


  The stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy
• Post-Industrial Societies


  • Emerging in recent decades
  • Computers that support an information-based economy for productive technology
  • Billions of people in population size
  • Population remains concentrated in cities
  • Similar social organization as industrial societies, but information processing and other service work are gradually replacing industrial production
• Post-Industrial Societies


  • The United States was the first country to have more than fifty percent of its workers employed in service sector jobs