kat

• DNA Replication


  1. Complementary base pairing

  2. 5' and 3' ends

  3. Anti-parallel

  
• DNA Replication


  • Semiconservative
  • Complementary base-pairing maintained
  • New DNA synthesized in 5' to 3' direction
  • Semi-discontinuous (leading strand continuous, lagging strand discontinuous)

  
• Steps in DNA Replication

  1. Initiation (Helicase, Gyrase, Single-strand binding proteins, Primase)

  2. Elongation (DNA Polymerase III)

  3. Termination (DNA Polymerase I, DNA Ligase)

  
• Transcription and RNA Synthesis

  Transcription (5' to 3' direction, simultaneous with DNA replication, RNA Polymerase, promoter region)

  
• Codon


  Triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

  
• Stop codons


  UGA, UAA, UAG
• Translation Process


  Ribosome (Small subunit, Large subunit, A site, P site, E site, Release factor)
• Genetic Engineering


  Manipulation of genetic structure to change/modify traits
• Recombinant DNA Technology


  Molecular tool in genetic engineering

  
• Lesson Objectives


  • Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering
  • Explain the processes of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
  • Recognize how can we be of service to other people through genetic engineering
  • Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA

  
• Domestication of plants and animals

  • Enhancement of highly valued traits
• Biotechnology


  Integrating biology and technology, such as products and research methods
• Lesson Objectives


  • Construct a Punnett square for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
  • Interpret pedigrees and understand their purpose
  • Explain how probability is used in genetic predictions
  • Reflect on the importance of having knowledge of own genetic traits

  
• Procedures in Recombinant DNA

  1. Purification and isolation of DNA fragments

  2. Ligation of foreign DNA and vector DNA

  3. Transformation of recombinant DNA into host cell

  4. Selection of transformed cells

  5. DNA sequencing and PCR

  
• Heredity


  The passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • Flavr-Savr tomato
  • Bt corn and Bt eggplant
  • Chymosin production for cheese-making

  
• In the 1800s, heredity was viewed as the "blending of traits from both parents", but it doesn't explain how some traits reappear after skipping a generation

  
• Recombinant DNA in Medicine

  • Insulin production in E. coli

  
• Gregor Mendel


  Father of Modern Genetics, Augustinian monk and botanist

  
• Law of Segregation


  Two alleles for a trait segregate from each other during meiosis and end up in separate gametes

  
• Hybrid of F1 through self-fertilization

  2nd filial generation (F2)
• Punnett square


  Shows all possible phenotypes
• Traits do not blend or are not destroyed in the F1

  
• Alleles


  Variant of a gene controlling the same trait

  
• Genotype


  Uppercase = Dominant alleles, Lowercase = Recessive alleles

  
• Test cross


  Shows the path of an allele from parent to offspring
• Homozygous dominant


  Two dominant alleles
• Homozygous recessive

  Two recessive alleles

  
• Heterozygous


  Both dominant and recessive alleles

  
• Phenotype


  Observable trait
• Phenotypic ratio: 3:1, Genotypic ratio: 1BB:2Bb:1bb
• Law of Independent Assortment

  The alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

  
• Seatwork


  1. Construct a monohybrid test cross and a dihybrid test cross

  2. Give the genotype and phenotype of the parental, F1 and F2 progenies

  3. Give the genotypic ratios and phenotypic ratios for each cross