norma frontalis

• Norma frontalis


  Anterior view of the skull

  
• Norma frontalis


  • Presents an irregular surface with 3 excavations: one nasal cavity, two orbital cavities

  
• Regions of the norma frontalis

  • Frontal Region
  • Orbital Region
  • Nasal Region
  • Zygomatic Region
  • Maxillary Region
  • Mandibular Region

  
• Frontal Region

  • Frontal Tuberosity or Eminence
  • Superciliary Arch
  • Glabella
  • Nasion
  • Supraorbital Margin
  • Supraorbital Notch

  
• Bones involved in the Orbital Region

  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic Bone
  • Sphenoid Bone
  • Frontal Bone
  • Palatine Bone
  • Ethmoid Bone
  • Lacrimal Bone

  
• Bones involved in the Nasal Region

  • Nasal Bone
  • Frontal Bone
  • Ethmoid Bone
  • Sphenoid Bone
  • Vomer
  • Maxilla
  • Palatine Bone
  • Lacrimal Bone
  • Inferior nasal Concha

  
• Paranasal Sinuses


  Pneumatic bones surrounding the nasal cavity, Functions: Lighten the bone of the skull, Resonating chambers

  
• Maxillary Sinuses


  • Pyramidal in shape, located within the body of the maxilla behind the skin of the cheek, Roof formed by the floor of the orbit, Floor related to the roots of the premolars and molar teeth, Each maxillary sinus opens into the middle meatus of the nose through the hiatus semilunaris

  
• Frontal Sinuses


  • Contained within the frontal bone, Separated from each other by a bony septum, Each sinus is roughly triangular, extending upward above the medial end of the eyebrow and backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbit, Each frontal sinus opens into the middle meatus of the nose through the infundibulum

  
• Sphenoidal Sinuses


  • Lie within the body of the sphenoid bone, Each sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess above the superior concha
• Ethmoidal Sinuses


  • Has anterior, middle, and posterior part contained within the ethmoid bone, between the nose and the orbit, Separated from the orbit by a thin plate of bone so that infection can readily spread from the sinuses into the orbit, Anterior sinuses open into the infundibulum, Middle sinuses open into the middle meatus, on or above the bulla ethmoidalis, Posterior sinuses open into the superior meatus

  
• Meatuses and sinus drainage of the medial wall of the nasal cavity

  • (Not provided)

  
• Meatuses and sinus drainage of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

  • (Not provided)

  
• Zygomatic Region


  • Forms the prominence of a cheek, contributes to the lateral orbital wall and floor, parts of the walls of temporal and infratemporal fossae and completes the zygomatic arch, Roughly quadrangular with anteromedial and frontal processes, Has three surfaces, five borders and three processes

  
• The Three Processes of the Zygomatic Bone

  • Temporal process
  • Frontal process
  • Maxillary process

  
• The Three Surfaces of the Zygomatic Bone

  • Anterolateral Surface: Convex and pierced near its orbital border by the zygomaticofacial foramen, Posteromedial Temporal Surface: Has a rough anterior area for articulation with the maxilla and a smooth, concave posterior area extending up posteriorly on its frontal process as the anterior aspect of the temporal fossa, Orbital Surface: Smooth and concave, is the anterolateral part of the orbital floor and adjoining lateral wall, extending up on the medial aspect of its frontal process

  
• The Five Borders of the Zygomatic Bone

  • Orbital
  • Maxillary
  • Temporal
  • Posteroinferior
  • Posteromedial

  
• Openings of Zygomatic Region

  • (Not provided)
• Maxillary Region

  • Anterior nasal spine
  • Infraorbital foramen
  • Canine fossa
  • Subnasal/incisive fossae
  • Canine eminence
  • Jugum or zygomatico-alveolar arch
  • Alveolar processes of the maxilla

  
• 4 Processes of the Maxilla

  • Frontal process
  • Zygomatic process
  • Alveolar process
  • Palatine process

  
• Openings of the Maxilla in Norma Frontalis

  • (Not provided)

  
• Mandibular Region


  Involves the mandible which is the strongest bone of the face, Houses the lower teeth, Develops in 2 symmetrical halves which fuse and ossify in the first year of life