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Biology paper 1
Key concepts
Enzymes
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What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
that increase the rate of a chemical reaction
without
being permanently altered themselves
What is an advantage of enzymes in the body?
They enable
cellular reactions
to take place at
lower
temperatures
What is the active site of an enzyme?
The region of an enzyme to which a
substrate
molecule
binds
and the reaction takes place
Why are enzymes described as having a ‘high specificity’ for their substrate?
Only substrates with a specific,
complimentary
shape can fit into an enzymes
active
site
Describe the ’lock and key’ model
Substrate
collides with the
active
site of an enzyme
Substrate
binds
, enzyme-substrate
complex
forms
Substrate converted to
products
Products released from the
active site
which is now free to bind to another
substrate
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction?
•
Temperature
•
pH
• Substrate
concentration
Explain how increasing temperature initially affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
• As temperature increases, molecules have more
kinetic energy
•
Movement
of molecules
increases
• Probability of a successful
collision increases
• More
enzyme-substrate
complexes form
• Rate of reaction
increases
Explain how increasing temperatures above the optimum affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
• Temperature
increases
above the optimum
• Increases
vibrations break bonds
in enzyme’s
structure
• Active site changes
shape
, enzyme is
denatured
• No more
enzyme-substrate
complexes can form
• Rate of reaction
decreases
Explain how pH affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
• Enzymes have an
optimum
pH
• pH shifts from the
optimum
• Bonds in the enzyme’s structure are
altered
• Active site changes
shape
, enzyme is
denatured
• Rare of reaction
decreases
Explain how the substrate- concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
• Substrate concentration
increases
• Number of substrate molecules in the same volume
increases
• Probability of a successful collision
increases
• More enzyme-substrate complexes form
• Rate of reaction
increases
• Once all active sites become full, the rate of reaction
plateaus
How can the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction be calculated when given a value for time?
Rate
=
1/time
What are the units for rate?
S
−
1
^-1
−
1
Why must large organic molecules be broken down into smaller, simpler units in the body?
•
Large
molecules are too big to be absorbed across the surface of the
gut wall
• Large molecules are broken down into
smaller
molecules for absorption into the
bloodstream
Give an example of the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules in plants
Starch
is broken down by enzymes into simpler
sugars
which are respired to release energy
What type of molecule are proteins and carbohydrates?
Polymers
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
Which group of enzymes catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
Which type of carbohydrase catalyses the breakdown of starch?
Amylase
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
Which type of enzyme catalyses the breakdown of proteins?
Protease
Function of lipases
Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of
lipids
into
fatty acids
and glycerol
Why are small molecules synthesised into larger organic molecules in the body?
• Large molecules are used for
storage
(e.g. glycogen)
• Large molecules are used to
build structures
(e.g. organelles)
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of glycogen from glucose?
Glycogen synthase
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