section 4

• Static Load

  Effect of gravity on a structure - a load not in motion - a book on a table
• Dynamic Load

  Force that moves or changes while acting on a structure. - a load in motion - a book being dropped from a height
• tension

  stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object
• tensile strength

  ability to resist breaking when pulled
• Compression

  A force that pushes on or squeezes a material.
• compressive strength

  the ability of a material to resist squeezing/crushing
• Torsion

  act of twisting; stress due to twisting forces exerted on a body
• Torsional strength

  ability to withstand twisting forces
• bending

  asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of a body's longitudinal axis and compression on the other side
• stiffness

  The ability to resist being bent out of shape.
• shear force

  force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance
• reinforced concrete

  Concrete into which steel reinforcing bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction.
• Webbing

  A strong fabric woven into strips from yarn. - used in seat belts, straps, climbing equipment.
• laminated

  the process by which layers of material have been joined together
• Folding

  editing the shape of a material to improve its structural strength. - example corrugated card.
• net

  a net is a flat foldable 2D shape that can be folded and glued to form a 3 dimensional object.
• Score lines

  dotted lines that indicate where a net needs to be folded.
• carbon footprint

  the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location
• ecological footprint

  the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
• social footprint

  a measure of the impact that a company's social policies have on it employees, partners or subcontractors or on a society as a whole
• HSE

  Health and Safety Executive
• deforestation

  The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
• slash and burn

  A farming method involving the cutting of trees, then burning them to provide ash-enriched soil for the planting of crops
• Desertification

  the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
• mining

  the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth
• surface mining

  The extraction of mineral and energy resources near Earth's surface by first removing the soil, subsoil, and overlying rock strata. - scars the landscape, and creates a loss of habitats
• underground mining

  method of mining used to recover deep mineral deposits - less of a visiual impact, but more dangerous for workers, instability on the surface.
• borehole

  a very deep narrow hole in the ground made in order to get water or oil
• Product miles

  This term shows the amount of miles that a product travels in it's lifetime A typical product travels from the source material → material to the factory → product goes to the distributor → distributor to the retail outlet → retail outlet to the user's home → from the home to the recycling or tip.
• LCA

  Life Cycle Assessment
• Oceanic pollution

  the result of poor waste management where harmful or toxic substances enter into the sea.
• atmospheric pollution

  the contamination of the Earth's atmosphere by harmful or poisonous substances
• the six r's/hierarchy of sustainability

  refuse, rethink, reduce, reuse, repair, recycle
• refuse

  actively rejecting an action to eliminate the possibility - riding a bike instead of taking a car to work.
• rethink

  re-imagining systems or products to have less of a negative effect on the environment - biodegradable plastic bag
• reduce

  reduce the amount of an object you consume or use - examples, reducing using disposable razors by getting a reusable one. reducing meat consumption, reducing materials used in a product, reducing manufacturing process
• reuse

  reusing a product multiple times to extend its life. Upcycling, reusable plastic bags (bag for life)
• primary recycling

  Process in which materials are recycled into new products of the same type—turning used aluminum cans into new aluminum cans, for example.
• secondary recycling

  waste materials are converted into different products - chipboard, upcycling
• repair

  the ability to fix a product to extend its usable life.