section 5

• Rough Sawn

  lumber that has come straight from the saw. Lumber that is either green or dried that has not been dressed. - used for exterior cladding
• PAR

  Planed all round
• planed all round timber

  Timber that has a smooth finish that has been mechanically planed on all sides. Used for interior construction, and furniture.
• seasoning

  the process of reducing moisture content in timber.
• Interior timber moisture content

  10%
• Exterior timber moisture content

  20%
• Air drying

  The process of drying fully during exposure to air at normal temperatures. Longer than kiln drying, but more environmentally friendly
• Kiln drying

  Kiln-drying places the stacks of sawn timber in a kiln, to reduce the moisture content in wood, where the heat, air circulation, and humidity is closely controlled. - more evenly dried timber, quicker dried timber, reduced risk of rotting, however worse for the environment
• Manufactured boards

  made by converting logs into a variety of forms and gluing them together to create flat sheet materials (stronger and more stable than conventional wide boards)
• timber lamination

  type of timber product composed of several layers of dimensional lumber glued together
• timber compression

  the method of creating man made boards through squashing recycled timber together in a board with an adhesive.
• veneer

  a thin layer of timber, often attached to a surface.
• Advantages of man-made boards

  large sheets, no defects, smooth finish, made from recycled timber, available in different finishes
• disadvantages of man-made boards

  adhesives used to bond emit VOC's, fine dust particles when machining, tools blunt easily on adhesive, traditional joinery can't be used, edges are hard to finish, prone to absorbing moisture.
• Blockboard

  strips of softwood glued side by side and then a covering veneer added on both sides, strong, stable (furniture)
• Hardboard

  a generic term for panel manufactured from interfelted lignocellulose fibers consolidated under hot press with heat and pressure - picture frame backing, internal panelling
• orientated strand board (OSB)

  wooden structure panel formed by gluing and compressing would strands together Under Pressure this material has largely replaced by wood and planking in applications including roof, walls and subfloors.
• FSC

  Forest Stewardship Council
• PEFC

  Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
• Stock forms of timber

  boards, planks, mouldings, dowel - measured in Length x width x thickness (diameter for dowel)
• mouldings

  architraves, skirting boards, door frames
• Countersink Bit

  Used to create a recess for the heads of countersink screws in wood to allow the screw head to sit flush with the exterior surface
• Skewed nails

  the process of hitting nails in at an angle to strengthen the joint
• KDF

  knocked down fittings
• hinges

  an object that allows a door swing open and shut
• Pilot hole

  a hole drilled into a piece of wood that is going to be screwed together to reduce the possibility of the timber splitting.
• types of nail

  round wire, panel pin, clout nail, oval wire, tack, lost head
• types of hinges

  butterfly, flush, piano, butt, tee, concealed
• types of saw

  coping, tenon, rip/cross cut
• smoothing plane

  removes a thin layer of wood to smooth of flatten along the grain
• chisel

  used with a mallet to remove wood to form rebates and recesses
• Rasp


  similar to a file, rough teeth for fast removal of material
• surform

  for a fast removal of material - cheese grater like blade sharp but brittle.
• Glasspaper

  used for making a smooth surface finish on woods - it comes in a variety of grits
• Wood turning

  A manufacturing method that uses specialist tools to shape wood that is being spun or rotated. Uses a wood lathe, wood is supported at each end, and tools like gouges, skew chisels and scrapers to create shape.
• laminating timbers

  the process of bending thin layers of timber around a jig/ former with PVA between the layers so that when the glue sets it retains the shape of the former.
• Steam bending

  To saturate wooden strips/planks in steam for the purpose of providing enough flexibility to enable the wood the bend around a former
• butt joint

  basic flat joint commonly joined with adhesive or nails
• Dowelled joint

  Similar to a but joint but uses dowel pins to add strength and increase the glue-able surface area.
• mitre joint

  a 45 degree joint that is commonly used in picture frames