Bioethics Semifinals

• Republic Act No. 10173


  To protect the fundamental human right to privacy of communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and growth. ... inherent obligation to ensure that personal information in information and communications systems in government and private sectors are secured and protected.
• DATA PRIVACY ACT


  A law that seeks to protect all forms of information, be it private, personal, or sensitive. It is meant to cover both natural and juridical persons involved in the processing of personal information.
• National Privacy Commission


  The ones in charge of make sure each person's privacy will be protected.
• Processing of Personal Information

  1. Collection

  2. Recording

  3. Organization

  4. Storage

  5. Updating or modification

  6. Retrieval

  7. Consultation

  8. Use

  9. Consolidation

  10. Blocking

  11. Erasure

  12. Destruction of data
• PERSONAL INFORMATION


  Set of information that identifies the person. Personal information may be processed, provided that the requirements of the Data Privacy Act are complied with.
• SENSITIVE PERSONAL INFORMATION


  Person's race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, color, religious, philosophical, and political affiliations. Person's health, education, genetic or sexual life, past offenses committed or allegedly committed by a person, or court cases. Social security numbers, health records, licenses, suspensions, tax returns. Information established to be kept private by law.
• Section 3 of RA 10173


  Personal Information refers to any information whether recorded in a material form or not, from which the identity of an individual is apparent or can be reasonably and directly ascertained by the entity holding the information, or when put together with other information would directly and certainly identify an individual.
• PRIVELEGED INFORMATION


  Privileged information refers to any and all forms of data which under the Rules of Court and other pertinent laws constitute privileged communication.
• Exceptions to the Application of DPA

  • Person who is or was an officer or an employee of a government institution that relates to the position or functions of the individual
  • Information about an individual who is or was performing service under contract for a government institution that relates to the services performed, including the terms of contract, and the name of the individual given in the course of those services
  • Information related to any discretionary benefit of a financial nature such as the granting of a license or permit given by the government to an individual, including the name of the individual and the exact nature of the benefit
  • Personal information processed for journalistic, artistic, literary, or research purposes
  • Information necessary for banks and other financial institutions under the jurisdiction of the independent, central, monetary authority or Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas to comply with RA 9510 and RA 9160, known as the Anti Money Laundering Act and other applicable laws
  • Personal information originally collected from residents of foreign jurisdictions in accordance with the laws of those foreign jurisdictions, including any applicable data privacy laws, which is being processed in the Philippines
  • Title, business address, and office telephone number of the person
  • Classification, salary range, and responsibilities of the position held by the person
  • Name of the person on a document prepared by the individual in the course of employment with the government
• RA 10173 applies to


  • If the person, either an individual or an institution, involved in the processing of personal data is located in the Philippines
  • The act or practice involves personal data of a Philippine citizen or Philippine resident
  • The processing of personal data is done in the Philippines
  • The act, practice or processing of personal data is done by an entity with links to the Philippines, subject to international law and comity
• NATIONAL PRIVACY COMMISION


  In charge of administering and implementing the DPA. Mandated to administer and implement the provisions of the Act, and to monitor and ensure compliance of the country with international standards set for data protection.
• CONSENT OF THE DATA SUBJECT


  Refers to any freely given, specific, informed indication of will, whereby the data subject agrees to the collection and processing of personal information about and/or relating to him or her. Consent should be written, electronic, or recorded. It may also be given on behalf of the data subject by an agent specifically authorized by the data subject to do so.
• Benefits and Challenges of Technology

  • Human as we are, we want our privacy and personal information to be kept a secret also. Known only to people who we approve of
  • DATA BREACH may occur. DATA BREACH – an incident wherein information is stolen or taken from a system without the knowledge or authorization of the system's owner.
• Constitutional Privacy


  Refers to the freedom to make one's own decisions without interference by others in regard to matters seen as intimate or personal. EX. Privacy to use contraception or to have an abortion
• Exercising control over access to personal information


  Like information about yourself that you have posted in social media or in Facebook for example.
• Digital Copies


  • Easier to find
  • Can make copies easily
  • If you aren't there at a hospital, then it would be also easier for you to access the data that you need if it is stored in a secured website of the hospital
  • The bad thing about this is that your security around it should be effective so it won't be easy to hack into
  • Some hospitals keep both a physical copy and a digital copy of the patient's record just in case of fire or in case a hacker managed to get inside their system and they have to delete the data because it has been breached.
• Technology


  The application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment.
• Advantages of Technology in Nursing

  • Improved communication leading to improved patient care
  • Better education
  • Improved treatment
  • Better kept records
• Disadvantages of Technology in Nursing

  • Set up and Internet Access
  • Malfunctioning Equipment
  • At the mercy of the Server or Power
  • Potential Lack of Attention to Detail
• Communication


  • BENEFITS: Messaging is easy and there are plenty of options for these easy ways. Not to mention, cheap
  • CHALLENGES: Some things get lost in translation. Communication becomes more distant, cold, and it can be easily misunderstood. It has made people impatient
• Data Collection


  • BENEFITS: For sellers, its easy to get data from customers and potential customers. Social media also makes it easy for sellers to get to know their market and make it easier to reach out. Anybody can make a form now that asks to fill out name, address, age, birthday.
  • CHALLENGES: Lesser privacy. Data breaches or scams wherein people can make their own website that looks like legit bank website, Phishing. Hackers, not only on social media but also banks and big companies can be hacked
• Information Access


  • BENEFITS: Not only a person's data is easy to acquire but Google has also made it easier for everyone to learn and search for things
  • CHALLENGES: Misinformation can easily spread. Patients can easily search their symptoms or research about a subject which lead to self diagnosis, and they don't get immediate treatment. Misinformation on medications, and vaccines which are potentially dangerous
• Distance Work and School from Home

  • BENEFITS: Attending classes or meeting through Zoom has been the new classroom. It made us more creative and forced us to work smarter
  • CHALLENGES: It has become more stressful because there is no boundary between school, work and home. Most people right now report fatigue of being online almost 18 hours a day
• Patient Care


  • BENEFITS: Technologies keep us keep track of our health. Telehealth or E-health provides doctors to hold virtual consultations, allowing the patient to be safe at home. Modern technology also allows us to provide better patient service.
  • CHALLENGES: Less physical assessment of the patient. Some information gets lost in the call. Although telehealth is accessible, convenient, and attractive nowadays, nothing beats being able to see our patients in person and being able to see the doctor and sense help closely
• Data Storage


  • BENEFITS: Large amounts of information like a terabyte of information can be hand carried. It saves space as well. Digital information is also easier to find, all you need is a search bar and a click of a mouse. It saves you time. If a hospital has a universal data system, one doctor can input in program and another doctor can see his input in real time from another venue. Easy data transfer and passing it on to another health care worker
  • CHALLENGES: Personal data nowadays is very attractive to hackers. There have been multiple cases wherein big companies, even Facebook, experienced a data breach. It has been said that these stolen personal data are being sold online in the deep web for who knows what purpose. If your computer gets wet and if you didn't back up your data, it could be gone in a flash especially in cases wherein it gets wet, or a virus corrupts it
• Health Information Technology


  Supports decision-making and promotes quality health care delivery. The use of health information technology is becoming increasingly important in medical provider efforts.
• Increased Cyber Attacks


  • Hacker will lock up the data, making it inaccessible (hacker will usually return access to it after the hospital pays a hefty price). There are also medical devices which are vulnerable due to manufacturer negligence when it comes to providing adequate security protections and the use of legacy equipment by health care providers. Since it is the hospital's responsibility to secure the data of the patients and also since patient care cannot be appropriately delivered without it.
• Non Traditional Healthcare Delivery

  • Telehealth is gaining popularity nowadays
  • Basic health information technologies are included here
  • Delivery of health-related services and information via telecommunications technologies, included both health care and education
  • Electronic Medical Records and Computer-based Patient Records
  • Online Health Resources: information and education about products, medical and dental services, alternative health care, hospitals, providers, employment, publications, and mental health
• Telehealth


  A new nursing career path that allows nurses to deliver exceptional and quality patient care in a hands-off way with the use of available technology and social application.
• Telemedicine


  A delivery system the is now becoming popular amongst various healthcare industry that includes patients. It is medical care that comes from a distance or away from the office.
• Telenursing


  Defined as the "use of technology to deliver nursing care and conduct nursing practice to patients remotely.
• Emerging Technology Trends Shaping the Healthcare Industry

  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
  • Internet of Things in Healthcare
  • Digital Health
  • Smart Drug Delivery Systems
• Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare


  • Information gathering and analysis (medical records and patient information) using AI and digital automation
  • Medical diagnostics – tests, X-Rays, CT scans, data entry, and other task that is necessary for diagnosis and treatment
  • Predictive analytics – early detection of diseases and better treatment plans using patient historical data as a baseline data for planning
  • Monitoring the client's fitness level and delivering optimal patient care
• Internet of Things in Healthcare

  • Collection of data using sensors
  • Gathering data over the network
  • Analyze data for decision making
• Digital Health


  • Wearable genomics
  • Personalized medicine that aid in disease diagnosis, treatment, prediction and management
  • Advance analytical techniques to optimize patient care in a cost effective manner
• Smart Drug Delivery Systems


  Cover intelligent approaches in formulation technologies that transport a right and computed drug dosage to its target site in the body in a timely manner. These system uses sensors and other monitoring devices to accurately track and analyze patient information and progress.
• Lobbying


  Communicating a view on local, state, or national policy issues to elected officials in a timely and effective manner which leads to favorable change in the quality practice of a profession
• Advocating


  Bringing up and publicizing an issue within a community
• Types of lobbying

  • Direct lobbying
  • Grassroots lobbying
• Direct lobbying


  Communications directed to policymakers that ask them to vote for or against specific legislation