TCW MIGRATION

• Migration

  -is the crossing of boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period of time.
• Migrant - is a person who moves one place to another temporarily, especially in order to find  work or living condition.
• Immigrant - is a person who leaves one country to settle permanently.
• Types of Migration

  1. Internal Migration
  2. International Migration
• Internal Migration - ¨refers to a move from one area (a province, district or municipality) to another within one country.
• Internal Migration - They usually take place inside the same country.
• 2 main types of Internal Migration

  1. Rural-urban migration/Interregional
  2. Counter-urbanization/Intraregional
• ¨Rural-urban migration/Interregional: from a rural area to a city.
• ¨Counter-urbanization/Intraregional: from cities to suburbs (residential area).
• International Migration - ¨It is the movement of people from one country to another across international borders.
• 2 types of International Migration

  1. Emigration
  2. Immigration
• ¨Emigration: when people leave their country (emigrants).
• ¨Immigration: when people arrive to a new country (immigrants).
• Causes of Migration

  1. employment
  2. conflict
  3. terrorism
  4. protection
  5. education
• Different Criterion of Migrants by Stephen Castles (2000)

  1. Temporary labor migrants
  2. Highly Skilled and business migrants
  3. Irregular Migrants
  4. Refugees
  5. Asylum-seekers
  6. Forced Migration
  7. Family members
  8. Return Migrants
• Temporary Labor Migrants - They are the popularly known as overseas contract workers who migrate for a limited period of work in order to work and send remittances to their families left at home.
• Highly Skilled and Business migrants - They are the people with special skills and qualification who seek employment through international labor markets for scarce skills.
• Irregular Migrants - People who enter a country, usually in search of employment, without necessary documents and permits.
• Refugees - People who have been forced to flee their country because of war, persecution, or violence.
• Asylum-seekers - People who move across borders in search of protection.
• Forced Migration - This includes not only refugees and asylum-seekers but also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or developmental projects.
• Family Members - (also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants) migration to join who have already entered an immigration country one of the above categories.
• Return Migrants - People who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country.
• “Brain Drain” - is a problem for many poor countries loosing skilled workers to richest countries.
• Drivers of Migration

  1. Economic and Demographic Drivers
  2. Environmental drivers
  3. Human-made crises