SOCI1P91 Final exam

• social inequality: the unequal distribution of valued resources, rewards, and positions in a society.
• achieved status: a status received through individual efforts or merits (ex. occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
• ascribed status: a status received by virtue of being born into a category or group. (ex. hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
• meritocracy: an ideal system in which personal effort (merit) determines social standing.
• absolute poverty: a severe deprivation of basic human needs like food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information.
• relative poverty: living without the minimum amount of income or resources needed to participate in the ordinary living patterns, customs, and activities of a society.
• intergenerational mobility: a difference in social class between generations of a family.
• intragenerational mobility: a difference in social class between different members of the same generation.
• structural mobility: when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder.
• assimilation: the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture.
• discrimination: prejudiced action against a group of people.
• expulsion: when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area, or the country.
• Caste System: a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain for their entire lives
• Prejudice: biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people.
• Racialization: the social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences.
• Stereotypes: oversimplified ideas about groups of people.
• segregation: the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions.
• racism: a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is superior or inferior to others.
• Multiculturalism: the recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures.
• Ethical Relativism: the idea that all cultures and cultural practices have equal value.
• Sex: a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females.
• Gender: a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviours that are considered male or female.
• Gender Identity: an individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine. (or neither)
• Sexuality: a person's capacity for sexual feelings and the orientation of their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.
• Gender Role: society's concept of how men and women should behave.
• Sexism: the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.
• Doing Gender: when people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society.
• Labeling: the process of classifying people, "making up people".
• Stigmatization: when someone's identity is spoiled; they are labelled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned due to illness or disability.
• Contested Illnesses: illnesses that are questioned or considered questionable by some medical professionals.
• Medicalization: the process by which aspects of life that were considered bad or deviant are redefined as sickness and needing medical attention to remedy.
• Epidemiologic Transition: the long term change in a population's dominant health problems or profile from acute infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases as societies go through the process of industrialization.
• Social Epidemiology: the study of the causes and distribution of diseases
• Demography: the study of population.
• Urban Sociology: the subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of urbanization.
• Population Composition: a snapshot of the demographic profile of a population based on fertility, mortality, and migration rates.
• Carrying Capacity: how many people can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources.
• Environmental Sociology: the sociological subfield that addresses the relationship between humans and the environment.
• Medical Sociology: the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and health care for both the sick and the healthy.