Case studies

• Rio - Importance

  • Rio used to be the capital of Brazil until 1960 however it is still known as the 'cultural' capital of Brazil with over 50 museums and countless festivals held in the city . 
  • Rio is internationally known as a 'global city' due to its importance in the global economy especially in the industrial and financial sectors 
  • With 5 ports and 3 airports, Rio is responsible for exporting goods such as coffee and iron ore all over the world.
• Rio - Causes of Growth

  • increase in industrial + financial sectors- created employment opportunities which has increased migration massively 
  • Rio's native language of Portuguese makes it increasingly attractive to Portuguese speakers
  • Migration from all over the world.
• Rio - healthcare problems

  • In 2013 only 55 % of the city had access to a local family health clinic .
  • Services for pregnant woman were particularly poor , increasing the infant mortality rate .
• Rio - Healthcare Solutions

  • Due to the inaccessibility of hospitals , disease testing kits were developed which were then used in homes. 
  • These kits diagnosed twenty different diseases, which were treated.
• Rio - education problems

  • Education is only compulsory from ages 6-14 . 
  • Only half of children continue in education past 14. 
  • School enrolment is low for several reasons; a shortage of schools, lack of money and a need to work, shortage of teachers, low pay for teachers, poor teacher training
• Rio - Education Solutions

  • Government officials gave out grants for free lessons in volleyball, football, swimming and squash . 
  • The government also encourages people to volunteer in schools to increase children's chance of staying in education
  • They opened a private university
• Rio - Water Supply Problems

  • 12 % of Rio's population do not have access to clean water and 37% of the clean water in Rio is lost through pipe leaks . 
  • Droughts - water supplies dangerously low for many years
• Rio - Water supply solution

   

  • 7 new water treatment plants in and around the Favelas .
• Rio - electricity supply problems

  • Frequent blackouts are experienced throughout the city. 
  • Many people in the poorer parts of Rio getthere electricity illegally, from tapping in to the power systems.
• Rio - Electricity Supply Solutions

  • Solutions 60km of power lines has been installed
  • A new nuclear power plant has been built
• Rio - opportunities (economic)

  • policy to improve Rio's Favelas has improved quality of life - attracted large companies from all over the world 
  • Rio produces 6% of Brazil's GDP, one of the highest incomes per head in the country, increasing employment levels in services industry
  • Oil has been discovered off the coast of Rio
• Rio - Challenges (Managing Urban Growth)

  • government introducing schemes to improve the quality of housing - 90 % of houses now built properly,
  • Houses have electricity , meaning they can have fridges and TV's . Most Favelas also come with their own radio stations . 
  • Public services such as food outlets , clothes shops , bars , etc have been built . As well as schools , a university , and health facilities .
• Rio - Challenges (Reducing unemployment and crime)

  • Schools of Tomorrow programme - increase quality of education, reduce amount of crime.
  • Adult courses offered to adults who want to continue with education . 
  • Free childcare is offered to those with children to allow adults to study 
  • Pacifying Police units designed to reclaim Favelas from drug dealers. Police have also taken control of a number of once crime - dominated Favelas .
• Rio - Challenges (Managing Environmental Issues - Traffic Congestion)

  • Physical Geography means that roads cannot be built in most places . 
  • Tunnels have to be built to accommodate for this , which is expensive. 
  • The number of cars in Rio has increase 40 % since 2005 , partly due to crime rates - people prefer to travel by car .
• Rio - challenges (Managing Environmental Issues - Water Pollution)

  • Rivers polluted by open sewers in Favelas, meaning many of the 55 rivers that feed the bay are polluted - 200 tonnes a day enter the bay. 
  • 50 tonnes of industrial waste enter the bay each day.
• Rio - Challenges (Managing Environmental Issues - Waste pollution)

  • steep roads in favelas - garbage collection is difficult , therefore most waste is dumped , leading to water pollution . 

  • As well as this encourages diseases such as Cholera and encourages rats .
• How have they improved the areas?

  • Government provide land for the residents to use to build new houses on.

  
  

  • They have included;

  
  

  - paved and formally known roads,

  - access to the water supply,

  - improved drainage systems for sanitation,

  - secured hillsides to prevent landslides

  - relocated people where necesary - built new health and leisure facilities.
• How have public services improved

  • Public services include;

  
  

  - installation of a cable car to the city centre (inhabitants get one return ticket per day)

  
  

  • access to credit to buy materials to improve their homes,

  
  

  • 100% mortgages to help people buy their homes,

  
  

  • police units to combat crime.
• Has it been a success?

  • The scheme has improved quality of life, infant mortality rates, and employment prospects

  
  

  • It has been adopted by other Brazilian cities with similar social issues .
• What problems still exist?

  • Problems that still exist include;

  
  

  - budget of US $1 billion may not cover every favela,

  
  

  - newly built infrastructure isn't being maintained,

  
  

  - residents lack the skills needed to make repairs

  
  

  - more training is needed to improve literacy rates,

  
  

  - rent rises increase the amount of poverty
• The effect of the Olympic Games and the World Cup (negatives)

  • Some Favelas destroyed -around 10,000 people lost their homes to make way for the roads.

  
  

  • small town of Campo Grande in West zone, big change. —> 800 homes built for those whose homes have been demolished.

  
  

  - no sense of community, no shops, nowhere for children to play and no transport to the city.
• The effect of the Olympic Games and the World Cup (positives)

  - closest to the Olympics and World Cup sites have seen massive redevelopments,

  
  

  - as well as employment in building the facilities required.
• Why did it need regenerating ?

  Area of social deprivation - low weekly wage (£500) compared to Bromley (SE London) - (£800)

  
  

  Lower life expectancy - (78 years) compared to Bromley (83 years)

  
  

  Higher child poverty - (30% of children live in families claiming benefits) compared Bromley (10%)
• Social positives of regeneration

  • The athletes village turned into affordable housing that will house 8,000 people

  
  

  • The aquatics centre can be used by the community and schools
• Economic positives of the regeneration

  • The Olympics brought £9 billion investment (much in transport)

  
  

  • Lloyds TSB estimated a £10billion income boost for the UK economy
• Environmental positives of the regeneration.

  • The Olympic Site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land

  
  

  • New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds, wooden.
• Social negatives of the regeneration

  • During the construction of the Olympics, very few jobs were created for local people.

  
  

  • There are still high levels of unemployment.

  
  

  • Many people in the boroughs surrounding the Olympic Park remain in poverty
• Economic negatives of regeneration

  • Existing businesses had to move (including H. Forman and Sons, a salmon-smokin factory with 50 employees)

  
  

  • Rents and property prices have gone up as a result of the Games.
• Environmental negatives of regeneration

  • Many of the materials for the stadiums came from overseas = carbon footprint and CO2

  
  

  • The Games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2
• Freidburg - sustainable water supply in urban areas

  • waste water system allows rainwater to be retained, reused or to seep back into the ground.
  • Financial incentives to use water sparingly.
  • Vauban district water conservation involves:
  • Collecting rainwater for use indoors
  • Green roofs
  • Pervious pavements that allow rainwater to soak through
  • Unpaved tramways
  • Drainage wetlands
• Freidburg - sustainable energy in urban areas

  Strict energy policies based on: 

  • Energy saving 

  • Efficient technology 

  • Use of renewable energy sources
• Friedburg - Providing sustainable energy in urban areas

  • City plans to be 100 % powered by renewable energy by 2050 by increasing energy efficiency in homes , offices and factories.
  • 400 solar panels instillations in the city including railways and the football stadium. Solar produces 10 million kilowatts of electricity per year. Homes can sell back excess. 
  • Largest proportion of renewable electricity comes from biomass which produces enough energy to heat Freiberg's three swimming pools .
• Freidberg - creating green spaces

  • 40% of the city is forested

  • 44,000 trees have been planted in parks and streets

  • Only native trees and shrubs are planted in the 600 hectares of parks . 

  • 44% of wood from the city's forests is used for timber but 75% grows back within a year

  • River Dreisam is allowed to flow unmanaged to provide natural habitats for flora and fauna

  • 56% of forests are nature conservation areas - 50 % managed and 6 % wild .
• Transport schemes in urban city (Freidberg) - what did they do?

  • Provided low fares which allow unlimited transport in the city and surrounding district 
  • Any ticket for a concert or event in the city can be used as a ticket for free transport to and from the event
  • The tram network covers 30km and is connected to the 168km of city bus routes - transport systems are integrated with each other
  • 70% of the population live within 500m of a tram stop with a tram every 8 minutes
  • Applied heavy costs to parking spaces - some cost £20,000
• Was it succesful? - Freidberg

  • Public transport journeys have increased by over 25,000 per year
  • Car journeys have decreased by over 30,000 per year
  • Journeys of motor vehicles in Freiburg have decreased by 10% since 1982. Walking journeys and cycle traffic has increased by 11% and 12% retrospectively in the same time.
• Tourism in Kenya

  • Travel & Tourism generated 226,500 jobs directly in 2013
  • 11% of the total wage employment is accounted for by tourism and earnings from tourism allow the government to reduce their level of debt
  • 7.6% of Kenya's capital investment comes from tourism.
  • Money spent by tourists in 2014 within Kenya was 17% of Kenya's exports.
  • Tourism brings in US$5.3billion to Kenva's economy
• Positives of tourism in Kenya

  • cultural shows by Maasai warriors and will pay good money for it
  • Local infrastructure improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists.
  • Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife such as elephants and plants. They can also be educated about the dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world.
• Negatives of tourism in Kenya

  • Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work.
  • Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could occur if tourism isn't sustainable.
  • Profits can often go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community.
  • Coastal Environments such as those in Mombasa have been damaged by tourism e.g. destruction of coral reefs as tourists' step on the coral and also take souvenirs.
• Location and importance

  - South East of England, located on the River Thames which has been influential in its growth and in the centre of the densest population of the UK.

  
  

  - Within Europe, London is part of Europe's economic core, the area producing the majority of the GDP or wealth of Europe

  
  

  - London has the highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1billion in 2011.
• Impacts of national and international migration on the growth and character

  - International net migration has always been positive during the time period shown there have always been more foreign born people moving into London than out of it

  
  

  - Internal migrants into London tend to be in the age groups 20-30 , whilst those who tend to leave are over 30 or children . This means that generally people migrate into London for work ; and leave when they start having families .

  
  

  - Migration in particular has changed the character of London, one of the most multicultural places on the planet with many different races, cultures and languages in evidence throughout the city .