Non-experimental

• correlation co- efficient= -1-+1
• Open question - any answer can be given
• Closed question- set amount of answers pp can give
• Semantic differentials- number of responses which decree a sense of agreement.
• Likert scales - pp marks a line on a scale of agreement.
• structured interview - set questions to be asked
• Observations- naturalistic or controlled, structured or unstructured, PP or non-pp, overt or covert.
• Naturalistic observation- natural situation - no manipulation.
• Controlled observ. - Investigator manipulates v
• pp observation- investigator studies from within group
• Structured observations- researcher uses system to record behaviour. uses coding system and sampling procedures.
• Coding system- operationalised behaviours in categories. eg. smiling.
• Sampling procedures- event and time sampling
• Event sampling- records every time the behaviour is performed
• Time sampling- recording behaviour at timed intervals - eg. every 30 seconds
• A strength of observations- high eco validity. More vakid than questionnaire.
• Ecological validity is low in a controlled observation.
• Observations risk being non - representative, and observer bias.
• Case studies = in depth study of an individual or institute
• Strength of case studies- high eco val val ; events already transpired.