DRRR

• Geologic processes


  Processes that may cause the loss of lives, injuries, damages to property, social and economic disruption as it may result in the loss of livelihood or environmental damage
• Landslide is a "sudden" geographic hazard, which can occur in an instant, as the stability of the slope of the terrain changes to an unstable condition

  
• Causes of landslides


  • Natural causes
  • Anthropogenic or man-made causes

  
• Types of landslides

  • Shallow landslide
  • Deep-seated landslide
  • Fall
  • Topple
  • Rotational slide
  • Translational slide
  • Spread
  • Flow

  
• Shallow landslide


  Occur when the sliding surface range from a few decimeters to a few meters of soil or weathered bedrock

  
• Deep-seated landslide


  Have deep sliding surfaces that are located below the maximum rooting depth of trees, often of depths of more than 10 meters

  
• Fall


  Landslide that involves the collapse of material from a cliff or steep slope
• Topple


  Toppling is similar to a domino falling down when it is resting on it's narrow edge, or a loaf of bread that is being sliced on it's width
• Spread


  Example of a landslide often caused by soil liquefaction or the general subsidence of a fractured rock or soil mass into softer under lying material

  
• Rock flow


  Refers to rock movements in bedrock that are slow, and usually occurs on slopes that are at 45 to 90 degree angle. The flow consists of stones, large rocks, and boulders moving downhill
• Rock avalanche


  Extremely rapid with massive amounts of flow material made of fragmented rock from a large rock slide or rock fall. A rock Avalanche is dangerous because of the volume of the material that can bury whole towns and villages
• Debris flow


  A form of rapid to extremely rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock, and sometimes organic matter such as trees and vegetation, combine with water to form a slurry that flows downslope
• Debris avalanche


  Often open-slope flows when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is rapidly transported away
• Earthflow


  Usually occur on gentle to moderate slopes, generally in fine-grained soil, commonly clay or silt / clay-bearing bedrock
• Mudflow


  An earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly wherein more than half are sand, silt, and clay particles
• Gradual geologic hazard


  It often take years, decades, or even centuries to form and become a danger
• Subsidence


  The motion of a surface as it shifts downward, relative to reference point such as sea-level. Subsidence refers to the sinking of the ground due to groundwater removal, mining, dissolution of limestone (e.g. karst, sinkholes), extraction of natural gas, and earthquakes
• Alluvial fan


  A triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt. This sediment is called alluvium. Alluvial fans are usually created as flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or the steep walls of canyons
• What to do BEFORE Landslide

  • Understand the Risk
  • Monitor Weather Conditions
  • Prepare an Emergency Kit
  • Develop an Emergency Plan
  • Secure Your Property
• What to do DURING Landslide

  • Evacuate Immediately
  • Move to Higher Ground
  • Listen for Updates
  • Do Not Return Home Prematurely
• What to do AFTER Landslide

  • Stay Away from the Affected Area
  • Check for Injuries
  • Assess Damage
  • Secure Utilities
  • Document Damage
  • Clear Debris with Caution
  • Follow Cleanup Guidelines
  • Seek Support

  
• Fire


  The rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light and various reaction products
• Fire


  • Is the visible portion of the fire
  • Consists of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen
  • Is a mixture of reacting gases and solids emitting visible, infrared and sometimes ultraviolet light

  
• Fire triangle/Combustion triangle


  The three components needed to ignite and sustain a fire: heat, fuel and oxygen

  
• Fuel


  • Any substance that can burn or be burned
  • The process of burning is called COMBUSTION
  • Can be solid (wood, charcoal, peat), liquid (kerosene, alcohol, diesel) or gas (propane, methane, butane)
• Oxygen


  • The oxidizing agent that supports combustion but does not burn
  • The most common oxidizing agent
  • Air is an oxidizing agent as it contains 21% oxygen
• Heat


  • A form of energy that moves from a high temperature to a low temperature
  • Transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation

  
• Conduction


  • A flow of heat by direct contact, e.g. a pan warming on a stove
• Convection


  • A transfer of heat by mixing a fluid, e.g. boiling water, warm water mixing with cold water
• Radiation


  • The transfer of energy by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. solar radiation warming the Earth's surface

  
• Classes of fire

  • Ozone Disco Fire (1996, Philippines)
  • The Great Fire of London (1666)
• Causes of fire

  • Arson or incendiarism/juvenile firesetting
  • Candles
  • Appliances and equipment
  • Chemical and gases
  • Electric wiring
  • Fireworks
  • Holiday decorations
  • Household products and appliances
  • Lightning fires and lightning strikes
  • Smoking materials

  
• Preparation to avoid fire

  1. Pre-disaster mitigation and preparation

  2. Good environmental design

  3. Fire safety plan for buildings

  4. Fire hydrant placement

  5. Fire sprinklers and fire alarms

  6. Fire drills and fire safety seminars
• What to do during a fire

  1. Manually activate the nearest fire alarm

  2. Stay low and crawl to avoid smoke

  3. Use the stairs, not the elevators

  4. Shut doors behind you as you exit

  5. Shut down equipment before leaving

  6. Never re-enter a burning building

  7. Assign a person to account for occupants

  8. Assist disabled or people with special needs

  9. Stop, drop, and roll if your clothing is on fire
• TPASS


  • Twist pin to break the safety seal
  • Pull the pin
  • Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire
  • Squeeze the handles together
  • Sweep the nozzle from side to side
• Volcano


  An opening or vent on the earth's surface where molten rocks, gases, and ashes are ejected. It is often cone-shaped, but they can take other shapes too.

  
• The inhabitants of Vulcano island in Sicily, Italy believed that Vulcano was the chimney of the forge of Vulcan

  
• Volcanoes are called such because of the Roman god of fire, Vulcan
• Volcanoes


  Make the soils fertile for vegetation
• Volcanic eruptions


  Create hazardous conditions