MUSCULOSKELETAL EXAM

• Bones provide structure, give protection, serve as levers, store calcium, and produce blood cells.
• compact bone, which is hard and dense and makes up the shaft and outer layers
• spongy bone, which contains numerous spaces and makes up the ends and centers of the bones
• periosteum covers the bones; it contains osteoblasts and blood vessels that promote nourishment and formation of new bone tissues
• skeletal muscles attach to bones by way of strong, fibrous cords called tendons
• Abduction: Moving away from midline of the body
• Adduction: Moving toward midline of the body
• Circumduction: Circular motion
• Inversion: Moving inward
• Eversion: Moving outward
• Extension: Straightening the extremity at the joint and increasing the angle of the joint
• Hyperextension: Joint bends greater than 180 degrees
• Flexion: Bending the extremity at the joint and decreasing the angle of the joint
• Dorsiflexion: Toes draw upward to ankle
• Plantar flexion: Toes point away from ankle
• Pronation: Turning or facing downward
• Supination: Turning or facing upward
• Protraction: Moving forward
• Retraction: Moving backward
• Rotation: Turning of a bone on its own long axis
• Internal rotation: Turning of a bone toward the center of the body
• External rotation: Turning of a bone away from the center of the body
• joint (or articulation) is the place where two or more bones meet
• PIC 1

  
• PIC 2

  
• Muscles of the body

  
• TEMPOROMANDIBULAR Articulation between the temporal bone and mandible.

  Motion: • Opens and closes mouth. • Projects and retracts jaw. • Moves jaw from side to side
• STERNOCLAVICULAR Junction between the manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle; has no obvious movements
• ELBOW Articulation between the ulna and radius of the lower arm and the humerus of the upper arm; contains a synovial membrane and several bursae. Motion: • Flexion and extension of the forearm • Supination and pronation of the forearm
• SHOULDER Articulation of the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The acromioclavicular joint includes the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula. It contains the subacromial and subscapular bursae. Motion: • Flexion and extension • Abduction and adduction • Circumduction • Rotation (internal and external)
• Impaired ROM and neck pain associated with fever, chills, and headache could be indicative of a serious infection such as meningitis.
• Perform the ballottement test. This test helps to detect large amounts of fluid in the knee