Statistics

• raw materials of statistics

  data
• data that are called from biological world

  biological data
• the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data

  statistics
• sources of data

  routinely kept records, surveys, experiments, external sources
• branch of statistics that used to distinguish the practical application of statistical tools and concepts when the data analyzed are derived from the biological sciences and medicine

  biostatistics
• any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted

  variables
• describe a certain type of information without using numbers

  qualitative variables
• measure or identify an information using numeric scales

  quantitative variables
• variable that cannot be exactly predicted in advance

  random variables
• characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values that it can assume

  discrete random variable
• can assume any numerical value over an interval or intervals

  continues random variable
• variable that can be controlled

  independent variable
• assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable

  independent variable
• variable being tested or measured

  dependent variable
• its value may change according to the independent variable

  dependent variable
• the entirety of the group including all the members that forms a set of data

  population
• contains a few members of the population samples were taken to represent the characteristics or traits of population

  sample
• assignment of numbers to objects or events according to a set of rules

  measurement
• observation can be named without particular order or ranking imposed on the data

  nominal level
• words, letter and even numbers are used to classify the data

  nominal level
• describe ranking or order

  ordinal level
• the difference or ratio between two rankings may not always be the same

  ordinal level
• indicates an actual amount (numerical)

  interval level
• the order and the difference between the variables can be known

  interval level
• its limitation is it has no true zero

  interval level
• has the same properties as the interval level

  ratio level
• has a true zero and the ratio between the two point has a meaning

  ratio level
• the procedure by which we reach a conclusion about a population on the basis of information contained in a sample that has been drawn from that population

  statistical inference
• a sample of size n is drawn from a population of size N in such way that every possible sample of size n has the same chance of being selected

  simple random sample
• a scientific study of a phenomenon of interest

  research study
• special type of research study in which observations are made after specific manipulations of conditions have been carried out; they provide the foundation for scientific research

  experiments
• statistical method used to select a sample from a larger population systematically and randomly

  systematic sampling
• type of probability method using which a research organization can branch off entire population into multiple non-overlapping, homogenous groups (strata)

  stratified random sampling
• process by which scientific information is collected, analyzed and reported in order to produce unbiased and replicable results in an effort to provide an accurate representation of observable phenomena.

  scientific method
• made of phenomenon or a group of phenomena

  observation
• leads to the formulation of questions or uncertainties that can be answered in a scientifically rigorous way

  observation
• formulated to explain the observation and to make quantitative predictions of new observations

  hypothesis
• yield the data necessary to validly test an appropriate statistical hypothesis

  designing an experiment
• consistency of a measurement

  precision
• sometimes used to mean precision

  reliability