Chemistry 2

• Solid - Interconnected, compact, and organized. compact and does not move freely
• Potential energy - energy at rest
• kenetic energy - in motion
• liquid - they are somewhat compact, scattered, they take the form where they are located
• gas - they are scattered, they can move freely
• matter - has mass and takes up space
• dispersion force - force of attraction that results to temporary dipole
• non polar - if the distribution of electron are balanced
• polarized - if the distribution of electrons are unbalanced
• polarizability - electron cloud can easily become distorted
• dipole-dipole force - attractive force between polar molecules. they attract each other (positive and negative)
• coulombs law - the larger the dipole moments, the stronger the attraction
• ion -single particle with a net charge
• atom - is electrically neutral
• hydrogen bond - special type of dipole-dipole interaction between hydrogen aton in a polar bond.
• Viscosity - refers to the thickness of the fluid
• low viscosity - can flow quickly (water)
• high viscosity - flows slowly (honey)
• capillarity - the smaller the diameter the higher it rises
• adhesive - sticks to other object (capillarity attraction)
• cohesive - avoids - sticks to one another (capillarity repulsion)
• surface tension - how water behaves, due to surface tension, small objects will "float" on the surface.
• properties of water

  • high surface tension
  • has boiling point
  • good solvent
• Crystalline solids - has definite shape and volume, regular arrangements, they are anisotropic in nature, they have different physical properties in different directions (true solids)
• amorphous - has irregular arrangement of particles, they are isotropic in nature, has same physical properties in different direction (imperfect solids)
• smallest potion of the crystal which shows the complete pattern of particles is called unit cell
• when unit cell are repeated in all directions, a crystal lattice is formed
• Simple - has one atom

  
• face centered - has 4 atoms

  
• body centered - has 2 atoms

  
• Melting - solid to liquid
• Vaporation - Liquid to Gas
• Sublimation - Solid to Gas
• Condensation - Gas to Liquid
• Freezing - Liquid to Solid
• Deposition - Gas to Solid
• solutions - have uniform composition throughout.
• miscible - liquid that are able to be dissolved together (powder and water)
• immiscible - liquid that cannot be dissolved together (oil and water)
• Aqueous solution - a solution in which solvent is water