Medorgy

• Functional group


  An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions
• Functional groups


  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
  • Alcohols
  • Aldehydes
  • Amides
  • Amines
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Esters
  • Ethers
  • Haloalkanes
  • Ketones

  
• Alkanes


  • Only carbon and hydrogen, all single bonds, names end with -ane

  
• Alkenes


  • Only carbon and hydrogen, a carbon-to-carbon double bond, names end with -ene

  
• Alkynes


  • Only carbon and hydrogen, a carbon to carbon triple bond, names end with -yne

  
• Alcohols


  • Only 1 oxygen, has an O-H group, can be classified as 1°/2°/3° according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton, named as alkanol

  
• Aldehydes


  • Only 1 oxygen, has a C=O group at the end of the carbon chain, next to a hydrogen atom, named as alkanal

  
• Amides


  • Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon atom, named as alkanamide

  
• Amines


  • Contain nitrogen, has an -NH2 group, can be classified as 1°/2°/3° according to the number of carbon atoms connected to the N, named as alkylamine

  
• Carboxylic acids


  • Has 2 oxygens, has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom, the -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain, named as alkanoic acid

  
• Esters


  • Has 2 oxygens, one oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons, named as alkylalkanoate

  
• Ethers


  • Has 1 oxygen, NO O-H or C=O group, the oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms, names end with -ether
• Haloalkanes


  • Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen, named as haloalkanes

  
• Ketones


  • Only one oxygen, has a C=O group that is NOT at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons, named as alkenone

  
• Antiseptic


  Compounds that are applied to living tissues
• Bactericidal


  Kills microorganisms
• Bacteriostatic


  Prevents the growth of microbes
• Disinfectant


  Compounds that are applied to inanimate objects to prevent infection by destruction of pathogenic organisms
• Sterilization


  Destruction or removal of all forms of microbial life, including endospores, usually done by steam under pressure or a sterilizing gas
• Commercial sterilization


  Sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food
• Disinfection


  Destruction of vegetative pathogens, may make use of physical or chemical methods
• Antisepsis


  Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue, almost always by chemical antimicrobials
• Degerming


  Removal of microbes from a limited area, such as the skin around injection site, mostly a mechanical removal by an alcohol-soaked swab
• Sanitization


  Treatment intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels, may be done with high temperature washing or by dipping into a chemical disinfectant
• Alcohol and Aldehydes


  Used as antiseptics and disinfectants
• Ethyl and isopropyl alcohol

  Commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants
• Primary alcohols


  • Chain length increases, antibacterial property increases, limit up to 8 carbons, branching decreases antibacterial potency, 1°>2°>3° in potency, mechanism of action is protein denaturation
• Alcohol, USP


  Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol, Grain Alcohol, Neutral Spirit, Wine Spirit, a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a burning taste and a characteristic pleasant odor, flammable and miscible with water, soluble in most organic solvents, source is fermentation of grapes or hydration of ethene
• Dehydrated alcohol


  Contains 99% alcohol, used as therapeutic neurolysis
• Absolute alcohol


  Contains 95% alcohol
• Rubbing alcohol


  Contains 70% alcohol, used as astringent
• Diluted alcohol


  Contains 49% - 50% alcohol
• Denatured alcohol


  A combination of Methanol + Ethanol + Benzene, used as rubefacient, astringent, mild local anesthetic, refrigerant, vasodilation

  
• Alcohol is oxidized into acetaldehyde


  By alcohol dehydrogenase
• Acetaldehyde is oxidized into acetic acid


  By aldehyde dehydrogenase
• Acetaldehyde side effects


  Nausea, vomiting and red flushing
• Disulfiram reaction


  Targets aldehyde dehydrogenase so that the acetaldehyde will not be oxidized into acetic acid
• Ethylene oxide

  A colorless, flammable gas that liquefies at 12°C, a gas sterilant for heat-labile medicinal equipment and pharmaceuticals that cannot be autoclaved, very toxic and carcinogenic, an explosive mixture when exposed to air at 3% - 80% concentration, mechanism of action is alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acid and proteins
• Formaldehyde


  The simplest carboxylic acid, used to preserve dead bodies (tissues) for funeral, contains not less than 37% w/v of formaldehyde (HCHO) with methanol added, used as disinfectant, embalming fluid, tooth desensitizing agent, mechanism of action is alkylation (non-specific) of functional groups to form carbinol derivatives
• Glutaraldehyde


  Cidex, glutaryl disinfecting solution, used for equipment and instruments that cannot be sterilized, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) is less irritating and more effective than glutaraldehyde