G4

• Computer Applications that support Nursing Research

  Computer programs, new technologies, and the Internet can be used both to facilitate research design planning and data collection, as well as provide the context for a research study
• Word processing, spreadsheet and database programs

  Can be applied to plan the study
• Literature Searches


  An organized, methodical approach to finding a large number of high-quality references on a certain topic by looking through data that has already been published
• Steps for literature search

  1. Plan using PICO(T) to develop your clinical question and formulate a search strategy

  2. Identify a database to search

  3. Conduct your search in one or more databases

  4. Select relevant articles

  5. Organize your results
• Why Search Literature


  • Develop a fundamental understanding of a topic of interest
  • Support the thesis/argument of an academic paper or presentation
  • Justify the need for further research in a given subject area
  • Summarize/synthesize existing evidence related to a given research question
  • Make evidence-informed decisions in a clinical setting
• Search Engines


  A software tool that allows users to search for information on the web
• Databases


  An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system
• Reliable Databases


  • Scopus by Elsevier
  • Web of Science by Clarivate
  • PubMed by National Institutes of Health
  • IEEE Xplore by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • JSTOR
  • ScienceDirect by Elsevier
  • SciELO
  • ERIC
  • CORE
  • MEDSCAPE
  • Virginia Henderson Global nursing e-repository
  • Mendeley
  • Springer
  • SAGE
  • CINAHL
• Data Collection


  The process of collecting and evaluating information or data from multiple sources to find answers to research problems, answer questions, evaluate outcomes, and forecast trends and probabilities
• Steps in Data Collection Process

  1. Decide what data you want to gather

  2. Establish a deadline for data collection

  3. Select a data collection approach

  4. Gather information

  5. Examine the information and apply your finding
• Data Collection Methods


  • Surveys and Questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Observations
  • Experiments
  • Focus Groups
• Secondary Data Collection Methods

  • Published Sources
  • Online Databases
  • Government and Institutional Records
  • Publicly Available Data
  • Past Research Studies
• Statistical Tools


  Software programs or techniques used to analyze data and extract meaningful insights from it
• Types of Statistical Tools

  • Descriptive Statistics
  • Inferential Statistics
  • Data Mining
  • Quality Improvement Tools
  • Predictive Modeling
  • Statistical Software
  • Graphical Representation Tools
• Online Questionnaires


  A digital form of a traditional survey or questionnaire which is administered and accessed over the web
• Online Questionnaires


  • Accessibility
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Scalability
  • Flexibility
• Online questionnaire


  An electronic set of questions typically used for research purposes which can be both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature
• An online questionnaire asks open ended and close ended questions
• Online questionnaires


  Function as an instrument for collecting data, which almost always involves asking a given subject to respond to a set of questions
• Main points regarding online questionnaires

  • Accessibility
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Scalability
  • Flexibility
  • Anonymity
  • Security
• Open questions


  Open-ended questions provide more information than a simple yes-or-no response, encouraging a participant to respond in their own terms
• Closed questions


  With closed questions, the respondent has fewer options and is more likely to provide a brief response—often only one word
• Multiple choice


  One of the most basic sorts of questions in a questionnaire, which gives respondents the ability to select two answers from a list or multiple select possibilities
• Likert scale


  Respondent opinions are captured using Likert scale questions, particularly the degree to which they agree or disagree with a proposition
• Rating questions


  Used to compare various research topics (such features of products or services) on a standard scale
• Ranking questions


  Ask respondents to rank research subjects—such as product qualities, packaging designs, or vacation spots—to determine which are most and least preferred
• Matrix questions


  Respondents are shown a series of questions arranged in rows with identical column options
• Demographic questions


  Used to classify survey respondents according to their age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, household income, and place of residence
• Dichotomous questions


  Frequently used to get an answer that is True or False, Agree or Disagree, or Yes or No
• Hypothetical questions


  Based more on speculation than on knowledge or firsthand experience, used to get participants' thoughts and opinions regarding hypothetical situations
• Questionnaire


  Any set of questions
• Survey


  The set of questions and the process of collecting, aggregating, and analyzing the responses from those questions
• Advantages of online questionnaires

  • Paperless
  • Inexpensive
  • Practical
  • Fast result
• Disadvantages of online questionnaires

  • Target population may not have access to the World Wide Web
  • Questionable data reliability
  • Low level of cooperativeness
• Tools for online questionnaires

  • Messenger
  • Email
  • Google form
  • Typeform
  • Feedier
• Digital poll


  An election or survey of people's opinion where participants cast votes
• How to create digital polls

  1. Compose your question and enter the choices

  2. Create a digital poll that is easy to access

  3. Use the feedback to make better decisions and share the results

  
• Applications/Websites for creating digital polls

  • Poll Junkie
  • EasyPolls
  • PollEverywhere
  • Polltab
  • Xoyondo

  
• SurveyMonkey


  A cloud-based, online survey development company that provides online tools for creating and analyzing surveys, quizzes, polls, and other web forms
• SurveyMonkey founded by Ryan and Chris Finley


  1999