General Biology 3rd Monthly Exam

• Created first genetically modified bacteria

  1973
• Created GM mice

  1974
• First commercial development of GMOs (insulin-producing bacteria)

  1982
• Bacteria


  • Most common GMOs because their simple structure permits easy manipulation of their DNA
• Chemical Evolution


  Came first in the origin of life
• DA-PhilRice is leading pilot deployment in the Philippines, with the first batch of Golden Rice seeds
• Evolution


  The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
• Example of Natural selection


  • When a doctor gives you antibiotics, you need to continue taking them until all of the pills are gone, even if you start to feel better. But when you stop taking the medicine then the strong bacteria will survive and grows
• Fireflies


  • A genetically-engineered mice had added a fluorescent gene
• Genetic engineering


  The direct modification of an organism's genome, which is the list of specific traits (genes) stored in the DNA
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)


  Organisms created by genetic engineering
• Glofish


  • A product of genetic engineering, meaning that humans have altered the DNA of ordinary fish to make them glow
• Golden rice


  Genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present in rice
• HERBERT BOYER & STANLEY COHEN


  Notable persons for creating 1st genetically modified bacteria
• Mutation


  Random change in structure of number of DNA molecules in a cell
• Venomous Cabbage


  • Scorpion genes added to the cabbage prevent insects from eating it
• Biodiversity


  The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes
• Ecosystem


  A self-contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants, that interact with each other
• Herbert Spencer


  Coined the term survival of the fittest
• Macroevolution


  Long term, large scale evolutionary changes among groups of species
• Species Diversity


  All the differences within and between populations of species
• 3 Components/Level of Diversity

  • Genetic Diversity
  • Species Diversity
  • Ecosystem Diversity
• Genetic Diversity


  All the different genes contained in all individual plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. It occurs within a species as well as between species
• Genetic Diversity (dogs)

  • Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers
• Genetic Diversity (primates)

  • Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
• Species Diversity (animals)

  • Monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties
• Species Diversity (plants)

  • Tomatoes, peppers, and squash
• Species Diversity (microbes)

  • Bacteria, fungi, and archaea
• Ecosystem Diversity


  All the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems
• Freshwater Ecosystems

  • Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers
• Marine Ecosystems

  • Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt Marsh, Coral Reef
• Concerns/Problems regarding Genetically Modified Foods and Animals

  • Risk to human health; unsafe to eat
  • Harm to the environment and wildlife
  • Increased pesticide and herbicide use
  • Seed and pollen drift
  • Creation of herbicide-resistant super weeds
  • Allergies
• Threats to Biodiversity

  • Habitat destruction
  • Pollution
  • Species Introductions
  • Global Climate Change
  • Exploitation
• Types of Evolution

  • Microevolution
  • Macroevolution
• Reasons for Extinction

  • Rarity
  • Inbreeding
  • Disease
  • Hunting and collecting
  • Gradual loss of habitat
  • Long-term environmental trends
  • Catastrophe
• Species Diversity

  • all the differences within and between populations of species
• The examples of Genetic Diversity are:

  1. Chihuahuas
  2. Beagles
  3. Rottweilers
  4. Chimpanzees
  5. Gorillas
  6. Orangutans
• The examples of Species Diversity are:

  1. Monkeys
  2. Dragonflies
  3. Meadow beauties
  4. Tomatoes
  5. Peppers
  6. Squash
  7. Bacteria
  8. Fungi
  9. Archaea
• The examples of Ecosystem Diversity are:

  Freshwater Ecosystems:

  1. Lakes
  2. Ponds
  3. Rivers
• The examples of Ecosystem Diversity are:

  Marine Ecosystems:

  1. Rocky Coast
  2. Sand Dune
  3. Estuary
  4. Salt Marsh
  5. Coral Reef