Motivation

• Motivation

  The process of arousing, directing, and maintaining behavior toward a goal
• Motivation


  The desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, leading to goal-directed behavior
• Motivation


  The earliest studies of motivation involved an examination of individual needs
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  • Human beings have needs that are hierarchically ranked
• Physiological needs


  The need for food, water, and other biological needs
• Safety needs


  The need to operate in an environment that is physically and psychologically safe and secure, one free from threats of harm
• Social needs


  The need to be liked and accepted by others
• Esteem needs


  The need to gain respect and approval from others
• Self-actualization needs


  The need to become all that one is capable of being
• ERG theory


  A modification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, with existence, relatedness, and growth needs
• Existence needs


  • Physiological needs, Material safety needs
• Relatedness needs


  • Social needs, Social esteem needs, Interpersonal safety needs
• Growth needs


  • Internal self-esteem needs, Self-actualization needs
• Motivators


  Aspects of the work environment that satisfy employees, rooted in the need for growth and self-actualization
• Hygiene factors


  Aspects of the work environment that dissatisfy employees, based on the need to avoid pain
• Equity theory


  Motivation is affected by the outcomes we receive for our inputs compared to the outcomes and inputs of other people
• Inputs


  Any factors we contribute to the organization that we feel have value and are relevant to the organization
• Outcomes


  Anything we perceive as getting back from the organization in exchange for our inputs
• Referent others


  People who perform jobs that are similar in difficulty and complexity to the employee making the equity determination
• Three conditions that can result from equity comparison


  • State of equity
  • Overreward inequity
  • Underreward inequity