reproduction

• how is the developing embryo protected by amniotic fluid?

  amniotic fluid protects embryo during development by cushioning it from bumps to the mother's abdomen
• fertilisation = fusion of a male sperm and female egg to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
• process of sexual intercourse:

  when the man's penis is moved in and out of the woman's vagina, sexual intercourse is taking place. a liquid called semen containing sperm is ejected into the woman's vagina. the sperm swim through the womb/uterus and into the oviducts leading to ovaries
• gonnorrhea:

  causes = unprotected sex, sharing sex toys that are unclean, mother to baby during childbirth

  symptoms - male = green/yellow/white discharge from the penis, swelling of foreskin, pain/tenderness in the testicles

  symptoms - female = bleeding after sex, pain in the tummy, bleeding between periods, green/yellow discharge from the vagina

  symptoms - neutral = pain/burning sensation while urinating
• chlamydia:

  causes = unprotected sex, sharing unclean sex toys, mother to baby during childbirth

  symptoms - male = pain and swelling of the testicles, burning and itching in the genital area, unusual discharge

  symptoms - female = unusual discharge, pain in tummy, bleeding during/after sex, bleeding between periods
• syphillis:

  causes = unprotected sex, sharing unclean sex toys, sharing needles when injecting drugs

  symptoms = couple weeks after being exposed to bacteria, painless sore develops where bacteria entered body - afteer sole has disappeared: rash on palms/soles of feet, small wart-lke growths on vulva or anus, patchy hair loss, weight loss, white patches in mouth, flu-like symptoms
• pubic lice

  causes = close body contact and sex even if a condom is used, hugging/kissing, sometimes through shared towels/bedding

  symptoms = itching in infected areas, irritation or swelling caused by scratching, black powder in underwear, blue spots/blood spots in skin
• HIV:

  Causes = unprotected sex, sharing needles to inject drugs, mother to baby during pregnancy/feeding

  symptoms a = consuming food/water contaminated with faeces of infected person
• hepatitis

  causes = consuming food/water contaminated with faeces of infected person, close physical contact

  causes B = sharing needles to inject drugs, unprotected sex, mother to unborn baby

  symptoms = muscle + joint pain, high temp/tiredness, feeling + being sick, tummy pain, apetite loss, jaundice, itchy skin
• trichomoniasis:

  causes = unprotected sex, sharing unclean sex toys

  symptoms male = itchiness/soreness/swelling of penis, needing to urinate more frequently, pain when ejaculating and urinating, thin/white discharge from penis

  symptoms female = itching/swelling around vagina + inner thighs, frothy/yellow/green unusual discharge, tummy pain, pain during sex
• genital warts (hpv)

  causes = skin to skin contact with genitals, sharing sex toys, vaginal and anal sex

  symptoms = small growths/bumps on genitals/anus, itching/bleeding from genitals/anus, change to the normal flow of urine
• zygote divides several times to form a ball of cells known as an embryo
• main events of menstrual cycle:

  days 1-5 = Bleeding starts as the lining of the UTERUS breaks down and passes out of the VAGINA. This is known as a PERIOD or MENSTRUATION.
• main events of menstrual cycle:

  days 6-13 = EGG cell starts to mature, and the lining of the UTERUS starts to build up again
• main events of the menstrual cycle:

  days 14 = An EGG is release from the ovary. This is called OVULATION.
• main events of the menstrual cycle:

  days 15-17 = The EGG travels down the fallopian tubes towards the UTERUS.
• main events of the menstrual cycle:

  days 15-28 = the uterus lining will stay thick for a while. it is waiting for an egg to be fertilised
• main events of the menstrual cycle

  day 28 = If the EGG is not fertilised, the UTERUS lining will shed again. If the EGG is fertilised the cycle stops, and the uterus lining remains thick.
• oestrogen = stimulates lining of uterus to build up
• progesterone = stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the uterus
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) = stimulates ova in the follicles of the ovaries to develop
• LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary
• full-term pregnancy has three trimesters and lasts around 40 weeks
• ovary = contains hundreds of undeveloped egg cells. every month an egg cell is released
• cervix = a ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus. this keeps the baby in place during pregnancy
• uterus lining = a rich layer of blood tissue in which an embryo implants
• uterus = where the baby develops during pregnancy
• vagina = a muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body
• fallopian tubes/oviduct = carries egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus
• sperm = The male gamete (sex cell) that carries ½ of the male’s DNA.
• sperm duct = Carries sperm from the testis to urethra.
• penis = Carries sperm out of the body.
• scrotum = Holds the testis outside the body to keep them at correct temperature
• urethra = Carries urine and sperm out of the body
• testis = sperm is made here
• condoms:

  type of contraception - mechanical (barrier)

  advantages - protects against STIs

  disadvantages - can rip/tear if used incorrectly
• safe sexual intercourse - involves contraception and protection from STIs
• diaphragm/cap:

  type of contraception - mechanical (barrier)

  advantages - can be put in place at a convenient time before sexual intercourse

  disadvantages - less effective than most other forms of contraception
• contraceptive pill:

  type of contraception - chemical (hormonal)

  advantages - can be used to manage heavy, irregular or painful periods

  disadvantages - need to remember to take it daily
• sterilisation:

  type of contraception - surgical

  advantages - only needs to be done once

  disadvantages - cannot be easily reversed