Introduction to organic chemistry

• How many carbons is methane ?

  1
• How many carbons is ethane ?

  2
• How many carbons is propane ?

  3
• How many carbons is butane ?

  4
• How many carbons is pentane ?

  5
• How many carbons is hexane ?

  6
• How many carbons is heptane ?

  7
• What are functional groups ?

  specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules
• What are homologous groups ?

  series of compounds - same general formula

  usually vary by a single parameter
• What are the different hydrocarbons ?

  alkanes (1 bond), alkenes (2 bonds), alkynes (3 bonds)
• What are the types of formula?

  molecular (C3H8)

  Structural (CH3CH2CH3)

  Condensed structural (C-C-C)

  skeleton (-----)
• What are alkyl functional groups ?

  smaller carbon chains can form branches off of the main carbon chain
• What is the name of the alkyl functional group depending on the length ?

  1 - methyl...

  2 - ethyl...

  3 - propyl...

  4 - butyl...
• What are the prefixes when the alkyl doubles up in a chain?

  di -

  tri -

  tetra -
• What is the alphabetical law in functional groups?

  always placed in alphabetical order while ignoring prefixes
• What are R groups (halogenoalkanes) ?

  F - Fluoro...

  CL - Chloro...

  Br - Bromo...

  I - Iodo...
• What are the suffixes and prefixes for alcohols?

  suffix - ol

  prefix - hydroxy..
• What are primary, secondary and tertiary degrees in a chain?

  number of adjacent carbon atoms and/or alcohols

  • primary = one
  • secondary = two
  • tertiary = three
• What are alkenes ?

  carbon - carbon double bonds

  referred to as being unsaturated
• How do you write the names of alkenes ?

  just like alcohols - split the name to show where the double bond exists

  e.g But-1-ene
• What is isomerism ?

  compounds with the same molecular formula have their atoms arranged in different orders and/or arrangements.

  name does not matter
• what is chain isomerism ?

  carbon chain is rearranged to create different structures
• what is a functional group isomerism ?

  compounds have the same molecular formulae but different placed functional groups
• What are stereo isomers ?

  molecules - same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently in space.
• Explain the process of Cis/trans isomerism (geometric)

  cis = functional group on the same side

  trans = functional group opposite to each other
• Explain the process of E/Z isomerism

  more groups are involved on either side of the double bond

  find the highest priority by atomic mass, if they are the same, go one further.