Bones lower limb

• With age comes wisdom however falls that often result in fractures the hip bone and femur are common sites of fracture in the elderly and often what we worry about when we think of our grandparents
• Hip joint


  Ball and socket joint, one of the most mobile joints in our body, allows many of our grandparents to bust a move
• Bony pelvis


  • Formed posteriorly by the sacrum and the coccyx, and laterally and entirely by a pair of hip bones or pelvic bones
• Hip bone


  A paired bone, comprised of three parts that fuse together towards the end of puberty: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic bone
• Acetabulum


  • A cavity formed by the synostosis or fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone, forms the socket component of the hip joint
• Lunate surface


  • A curved articular surface that surrounds the acetabulum and articulates with the head of the femur
• Acetabular notch


  • A notch that interrupts the margin of the acetabulum
• Acetabular labrum


  • A fibrocartilage on the rim of the acetabulum that surrounds the margin of the acetabulum
• Ilium


  • Divided into the wing or the ala and the body, contributes to the formation of the acetabulum
• Arcuate line


  • A smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium that marks the transition between the body and the wing of the ilium, and forms part of the border of the pelvic inlet
• Iliac tuberosity


  • A roughened elevated area found posterior to the iliac fossa that serves as an attachment point for the sacroiliac ligaments
• Auricular surface


  • An ear-shaped surface that articulates with the sacrum and is covered by a fibrocartilage
• Iliac fossa


  • A large smooth concave surface found on the medial aspect of the hip bone, bordered superiorly by the iliac crest and inferiorly by the arcuate line
• Gluteal fossa


  • A fossa that contributes towards most of the external surface of the wing of the ilium and provides various points of attachment for the gluteal muscles
• Iliac crest


  • Extends from the anterior superior iliac spine to the posterior superior iliac spine, serves as an attachment point for the latissimus dorsi muscle
• Anterior superior iliac spine


  • A bony projection that marks the anterior limit of the iliac crest and is the origin of the Sartorius muscle
• Anterior inferior iliac spine


  • A bony process found at the anterior margin of the ilium inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine, serves as the origin of the rectus femoris muscle
• Posterior superior iliac spine

  • Marks the posterior limit of the iliac crest, serves as the attachment point for the oblique portion of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and multifidus
• Posterior inferior iliac spine

  • Found on the superior edge of the greater sciatic notch
• Pubic bone


  • Divided into the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus
• Iliopubic eminence


  • A flat prominence located at the proximal portion of the pubic bone that marks the point of union between the ilium and the pubis
• Symphysial surface


  • Unites with its counterpart through a midline cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis
• Pubic tubercle


  • Located on the anterior medial portion of the superior ramus, serves as an attachment point for the inguinal ligament
• Obturator crest


  • Extends from the pubic tubercle to the acetabulum, provides a point of origin for the pubic femoral ligament
• Obturator foramen


  • A large opening between the pubis and the ischium, through which the obturator nerve, artery, and vein pass
• Ischium


  • Divided into the body and the ramus, fuses with the inferior ramus of the pubic bone
• Ischial spine


  • A bony prominence found between the greater sciatic notch and the lesser sciatic notch, serves as an attachment point for the coccygeus muscle
• Greater sciatic notch


  • Located between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial spine, becomes the greater sciatic foramen when the sacrotuberous ligament is added
• Lesser sciatic notch


  • Located between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity, becomes the lesser sciatic foramen when the sacrospinous ligament is added
• Lesser sciatic notch


  • Serves as an attachment point for some important muscles such as the kick sidious muscle
• Greater sciatic notch


  Lies between the posterior inferior iliac spine and the sacral spine, becomes the greater sciatic foramen when the sacro-spinous ligament is added
• Greater sciatic foramen


  1. Sacro-spinous ligament is here

  2. Sacro-tuberous ligaments are here

  3. Several important structures pass through this foramen including the piriformis muscle and sciatic nerve
• Lesser sciatic notch


  Lies between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity, becomes the lesser sciatic foramen when a ligament is added
• Lesser sciatic foramen


  Contains the obturator internus muscle, the nerve that supplies this muscle, the internal pudendal vessels, and the pudendal nerve
• Ischial tuberosity


  Also called the sitting bone, bears the weight of the body in a seated position
• Femur


  The largest bone of the human body, contributes to the crossbones as seen on pirate flags
• Head of the femur


  • Forms the ball component of the ball and socket joint with the acetabulum of the hip bone
  • Has a depression for the attachment of the ligaments of the head of the femur
• Neck of the femur


  • The portion between the head and the shaft
• Shaft/body of the femur

  • Has a medial surface, lateral surface, anterior surface, and popliteal surface
• Greater trochanter


  • A large prominence on the proximal lateral aspect of the femoral shaft, serves as a site of attachment for various muscles including the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and piriformis