FYPs

• October 1930 collectivised 20% households in First FYP
• First FYP was 1928-1932/33
• Second FYP was 1932-1937
• Third FYP was 1938-1941
• Fourth FYP was March 1946
• March 1930; 50% households collectivised - temporary return to voluntary collectivisation
• 1932 - 64 million tonnes of coal, 21.4 million tonnes of oil, 5.9 million tonnes of steel
• 6-8 million died in Holodomor
• 1932-34 deported 10 million kulaks
• 1933 was 75,000 MTS tractors; there was 1 in every 40 farms by 1940
• 1928 grain procurement crisis (reduced by 1/3 than previous year) therefore used the harsh but successful Urals-Siberian method = closing the free markets and putting pressure on the seizure of grains
• Economy grew by 5-6% from 1928 to 1940
• Reasons for accelerating collectivisation

  • small scale peasant farms produced insufficient foods therefore created kolkhozes and MTS
  • richer peasants hoarding grain therefore December 1929 dekulakisation
  • private peasant farming not enough for rapid industrialization therefore set targets and banned private trade
  • Capitalistic private farmers therefore kolkhozes to work for the Good of everyone
• steel production 1928-40


  from 4 to 18 million tonnes
• Economic – efficiency

  • Evidence: MTS (Machine Tractor Stations) 1931 – larger units of lands could be farmed more efficiently through use of mechanization; more in state farms (sovkhozes) than collective farms (kolkhozes), 75,000 of them in 1933, efficiency helped by vets + surveyors + technicians and agronomists 
  • Explain: boosted agricultural production quickly and meant less people needed on fields so they could work in the factories and increase industrial production. These state farms were larger than kolkhozes so there were more farmers being used for industrial purposes 
• agriculture was sacrificed for the needs of the industry which had harsh impacts on the peasants and workers - dekulakisation of 4.5 million despite them being the most experienced farmers therefore delay
• peasants killed livestock, destroyed crops and 150,000 of them migrated North and East to avoid being labelled as a kulak
• grain exports

  • 1928 - 30,000 tonnes
  • 1931 - over 5 million
• 25000ers increased production through fear
• Great Turn came about as NEP wasn't working - 20 million grains short
• grain production

  1930 - 83.5 million tonnes

  1934 - 67 million tonnes
• aims

  • Erase all traces of capitalism {ideological} 
  • To achieve Socialism In One Country (socialist, industrialised, self-sufficient) {ideological, political} 
  • For direct control of the proletariat {political, ideological, social} 
  • State determines prices, the means of production and wages {political, economic} 
  • To have a centrally planned economy
• GOSPLAN challenges

  • lack of reliable info
  • deliberately falsified stats
  • ambitious targets
• 1933-37 Rearmament


  Rose from 4% of GDP to 7%