The changing economic world

• Explain the physical causes of uneven development:

  - Being landlocked can significantly hinder development as it makes it more difficult and more expensive to trade via the sea.

  
  

  - tropical parts of Africa, South America and Asia have more climate-related diseases (e.g. mosquitoes spreading malaria) making it harder for the people to stay healthy enough to work.

  
  

  - a lack of adequate supplies of safe water (due to a lack of rainfall) can hinder development because more of the working population can become ill drinking contaminated water.

  
  

  - Lots of natural hazards, lots of money spent on rebuilding infrastructure

  
  

  - Poor farming land, steep or poor soil, can't produce a lot of food
• Different measurements of development

  - GNI

  - GDP

  - Birth rate

  - Death rate

  - Infant mortality rate

  - People per doctor

  - Literacy rate

  - Access to safe water

  - Life expectancy

  - Hunan development index (HDI)
• What is gross national income? (GNI)

  The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas.
• What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

  A measure of all the goods and services produced by a country in a given year
• What is the Human Development Index?

  Measurement of people's quality of life

  -gives each country a score based on it's people's average

  --->Life expectancy

  --->Income (GNP)

  --->Education
• What is the demographic transition model?

  The demographic Transition Model is a model that evaluates economic development by examining population patterns.
• Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model

  - least developed

  - birth rate is high (no contraception)

  - death rate is also high (poor healthcare, famine)

  - life expectancy low
• Examples of stage 1 countries

  Traditional rainforest tribes
• Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Model

  - not very developed

  - economy based on agriculture

  - birth rate high (people have lots of children to work)

  - death rate falls ( improved healthcare and diet) so life expectancy increases.
• Examples of stage 2 countries

  Ghana, Afghanistan
• stage 3 of the demographic transition model

  - more development, more NEE's at this stage

  - birth rate falls rapidly (more women work and use of contraception increases, better education)

  - economy changes, income increases so fewer children needed to work

  - healthcare improves so life expectancy increases.
• Examples of stage 3 countries

  India / Kenya / Brazil.
• stage 4 of the demographic transition model

  - low/stationary growth

  - low birth rate

  - low death rate

  - steady/stationary population growth
• examples of Stage 4 countries

  USA, France, UK
• stage 5 of the demographic transition model

  - Aging population (higher death rate than birth rate)
• Examples of stage 5 countries


  Japan and Germany
• Explain the economic causes of uneven development:

  Poor trade links - not enough money, less spent on development

  
  

  - Lots of debt - borrow money from other countries and international organisations e.g. after a natural disaster which then has to be paid back sometimes with interest.

  
  

  - Economy based on primary products, not a lot of profit, people don't make a lot of money, less money to spend on development.
• Historical causes of uneven development:

  Colonisation - countries removed raw materials, sold back expensive manufactured goods, led to famine and malnutrition.

  Conflict - Civil wars, money spent on arms and fighting
• Consequences of uneven development

  wealth, health and international migration
• Human factors affecting uneven development

  -aid

  -trade

  -education

  -health

  -politics

  -history
• Reducing the development gap: Aid

  - given by one country to another as money or resources.

  
  

  - spent on development projects e.g. schools, dams and wells, equipment to improve agriculture

  
  

  - can be wasted by corrupt governments, once money runs out projects can stop working.
• Reducing the development gap: Debt relief

  - country's debt is cancelled or interest rates are lower

  
  

  -debt relief has helped poor countries invest in development projects such as infrastructure

  
  

  -countries have used the money saved to provide services like free education

  
  

  -however corrupt governments may keep the money for themselves
• Reducing the development gap: microfinace loans

  - People in LICs receive small loans from traditional banks

  
  

  - Enable people to begin their own business

  
  

  - Not clear they can reduce poverty at large scales
• Reducing the development gap: Fair trade

  -it is an international movement that sets standards for trade and helps ensure that producers in poor countries get a fair deal

  
  

  -the farmer gets a fair price and all the money from the sale of the crop

  
  

  -part of the price is invested in local community development projects

  
  

  -farming is done in an environmentally friendly way

  
  

  -the product gains a stronger position in the global market
• Reducing the development gap: Investment

  - when people or companies in one country buy property or infrastructure in another

  
  

  - better access to finance, technology, and expertise, improved infrastructure, improved industry, and increase in services
• Reducing development gap: Industrial Development

  Developing industry

  Employment higher incomes

  Multiplier effect
• Reducing the development gap: tourism

  Countries with attractive scenery become tourist destinations

  Investment and increased income from abroad improves services
• Reducing the development gap: Intermediate technology

  -it is sustainable and appropriate to the needs, wealth and knowledge of the local people it takes the form of small scale projects

  
  

  - For example, solar powered LED lightbulbs are used in parts of Nepal where the only other lighting options are polluting and dangerous kerosene lamps or wood fires.

  
  

  - This allows people to work in their homes or businesses, and children to study, after dark. As a result, skills, incomes and industrial output can increase, which helps reduce the development gap.
• Where is kenya located?

  East coast of Africa
• Positives of tourism in Kenya

  - cultural shows of Maasai warriors

  - local infrastructure is improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided fir tourists
• Multiplier effect Kenya

  - Jobs from tourism meant more money has been spent in shops and other businesses

  - Government invested in infrastructure to support tourism

  - More tourists arrive due to improved facilities
• Negatives of tourism in Kenya

  - Foreign companies make bring foreign workers to do skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work

  - Important project for local communities may be sidelined as infrastructure developments is focused on tourists.
• Causes of economic change in the UK

  deindustrialisation, globalisation, government policies
• What is developed as we move towards a post-industrial economy

  - development of information technology

  - service industries

  - finance

  - research

  - science and business parks
• What are science parks?

  science parks are often located near university sites, and high-tech industries are established

  scientific research and commercial development may be carried out in co-operation with the university
• what are business parks

  Business parks are purpose-built areas of offices and warehouses, often at the edge of a city and close to a main road.
• Characteristics of science and business parks

  - on outskirts of cities near major transport links

  - Close to housing to accommodate workforce

  - Near universities
• Why has number of Science and Business parks grown?

  - Large and growing demand for high tech products

  - Clusters of related businesses in one place can boost each other.
• Impacts of industry on the physical environment


  • Aesthetic pollution

  • Habitats destroyed

  • Process/Waste products cause air/water/soil pollution

  • Lorries transporting = CO2 and traffic

  • Quarries = noise and dust
• How can industry become more environmentally friendly

  The torr quarry case study