Biology

• Pathogen

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• Types of pathogens

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protists
  • Fungi
• Bacteria

  • Reproduce very rapidly under ideal conditions
  • Can divide every 20 minutes
  • Release harmful chemicals called toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill
• Viruses

  • Cannot be produced by themselves
  • Can only reproduce inside a host cell
  • Invade host cell, reproduce inside, then cause the cell to burst open and die
• Ways pathogens are spread

  • Airborne (e.g. influenza)
  • Waterborne (e.g. cholera)
  • Direct contact (e.g. HIV)
• Reducing the spread of pathogens

  1. Practicing basic hygiene (e.g. handwashing)

  2. Providing clean drinking water

  3. Reducing direct contact between individuals (e.g. using condoms)

  4. Isolating highly infectious patients

  5. Vaccination
• Around 300,000 people in the UK get food poisoning from a type of bacteria every year
• Many bacterial diseases can kill us
• Viruses are very damaging to host cells, causing them to burst open and die
• Drinking water in the UK contains chlorine which kills microbes
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through aerobic respiration.
• The cytoplasm is where most chemical reactions take place, including protein synthesis.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number, essential for sexual reproduction.
• The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) that controls all cellular activities.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
• Meiosis is the process by which sex cells (gametes) are produced through cell division.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
• Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis.
• Cell membranes control what enters or leaves the cell by selective permeability.
• Ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis
• Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce quickly without mating or fertilization.
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
• Asexual reproduction involves one individual producing offspring without fertilization or fusion of gametes.
• Cell differentiation refers to the specialization of cells into specific types based on their function within an organism.
• Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce genetically diverse offspring.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy to produce glucose during photosynthesis.
• Vacuoles store water, waste products, pigments, and enzymes involved in digestion.
• The nucleus contains genetic material that controls all activities within the cell.
• Cilia are hairlike structures on some cells that move substances over the surface of the cell.
• The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) that controls all activities within the cell.
• The nucleus contains genetic material (chromatin) that controls all activities within the cell.
• Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.
• Mitosis is the process of nuclear division that results in two identical daughter nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• DNA is made up of nucleotide monomers that are linked together by covalent bonds between the deoxyribose sugars and phosphates.
• Mitosis produces two daughter cells with identical chromosome numbers as the parent cell.
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
• The cell wall provides structural support and protection against pathogens.
• The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities such as growth and metabolism.
• Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cell.