infection and response

• how can we reduce the spread of disease?

  washing hands and cleaning surfaces(taking care of hygeine)

  vaccination

  killing vectors

  isolating infected people
• how do viruses infect our bodies?

  enter host cell

  insert genetic material and create multiple copies of themselves

  once there are many cells, the cells bursts

  viruses infect neighbouring cells
• how are measles spread?

  droplets from infected people
• what are the symptoms of measles?

  red rash

  fever
• why is measles rarely fatal?

  vaccinations
• how is HIV spread?

  sexual contact

  exchange of bodily fluids e.g needles
• what are the symptoms of HIV ?

  At first: fever, fatigue, headaches

  Then feel better
• What is happening while the person infected with HIV is feeling better?

  the virus is causing damage and weakening the immune system
• what happens due to the weakened immune system?(HIV)

  develop AIDS

  catch unusual infections
• how is HIV treated?

  Antiretroviral drugs which stop the virus replicating so the affected person can go on to live a normal life.
• name a fungal disease in plants

  rose black spot
• what are symptoms of rose black spot?

  purple/black spots on leaves
• what happens as the disease progresses and the fungus does more damage?

  leaves turn yellow and drop off
• how is rose black spot spread?

  wind and water
• how is rose black spot treated?

  by chopping off infected leaves

  spraying with fungicides
• what is malaria an example of?

  parasitic protist(requires host)
• what are protists transported by?

  vectors
• what are vectors?

  organism that transports disease
• what is malaria transported by?

  mosquitos
• what are symptoms of malaria?

  fever

  headaches
• how is malaria treated?

  destroying mosquito breeding sites

  killing mosquitoes with insecticides

  mosquito nets

  mosquito repellent
• describe phagocytosis

  phagocytes patrol the body

  track down pathogens

  bind to them

  engulf them
• what do WBCs produce to protect against bacteria?

  anti-toxins which bind to toxins and counteract them so toxins cannot do damage
• what do WBCs produce?

  antibodies for specific antigens
• what happens if you are infected by the same pathogen

  antibodies are produced so quickly the pathogen does not have time to develop and do damage
• what does it mean when your body remembers the antibodies for an antigen

  you are immune to the disease
• how is gonorrhea spread?

  sexual contact
• what are symptoms of gonorrhea?

  green/yellow discharge
• how is gonorrhea treated?

  antibiotics
• why do antibiotics work against gonorrhea?

  gonorrhea is a bacterial disease
• how does the skin protect against disease?

  secrete oils that kills pathogens

  acts as physical barrier
• how does the nose protect against disease?

  hair and mucus that trap pathogens
• what happens if a pathogen makes it to the trachea?

  the trachea, bronchi and bronchi oles are covered in mucus to trap pathogens
• what is the purpose of cilia?

  move trapped pathogens to back of throat to be swallowed down oesophagus
• how does the stomach protect against disease?

  hydrochloric acid which has a pH of 2 kills all pathogens
• how is salmonella spread?

  contaminated food

  undercooked food

  unhygeinic kitchens
• what are the symptoms of salmonella?

  vomiting

  diarrhoea

  abdominal cramps
• how is the spread of salmonella reduced?

  cooking food thoroughly

  preparing in hygienic conditions

  vaccinated poultry
• what is athelete's foot caused by?

  fungus found between toes
• symptoms of athletes food

  dry,cracked,flaky,red/white skin